Source and occurrence of particulate lead in tap water

Deshommes, Elise; Laroche, L.; Nour, Shokoufeh; Cartier, Clément; Prévost, Michèle

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.019

Cited by 117 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1) so that it will be fully quantified. In addition to extensive testing by the authors which showed no problems in detecting dissolved Pb using the EPA standard preservation, Deshommes et al (2010) found no difference in the measured Pb concentration of water samples, between the standard preservation and a more rigorous heated digestion (1 % (v/v) HNO 3 +0.5 % (v/v) HCl, 85°C) in cases where Pb was predominantly dissolved and did not exceed 32 ppb. Similarly, Lytle et al (1993) found that standard preservation recovered 100 % of a very fine Pb solder powder which had been deliberately introduced to water samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Lead (Pb) quantification in potable water samples: implications for regulatory compliance and assessment of human exposure

Triantafyllidou

Nguyen

Zhang

et al. 2012

Environ Monit Assess

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Assessing the health risk from lead (Pb) in potable water requires accurate quantification of the Pb concentration. Under worst-case scenarios of highly contaminated water samples, representative of public health concerns, up to 71-98 % of the total Pb was not quantified if water samples were not mixed thoroughly after standard preservation (i.e., addition of 0.15 % (v/v) HNO(3)). Thorough mixing after standard preservation improved recovery in all samples, but 35-81 % of the total Pb was still un-quantified in some samples. Transfer of samples from one bottle to another also created high errors (40-100 % of the total Pb was un-quantified in transferred samples). Although the United States Environmental Protection Agency's standard protocol avoids most of these errors, certain methods considered EPA-equivalent allow these errors for regulatory compliance sampling. Moreover, routine monitoring for assessment of human Pb exposure in the USA has no standardized protocols for water sample handling and pre-treatment. Overall, while there is no reason to believe that sample handling and pre-treatment dramatically skew regulatory compliance with the US Pb action level, slight variations from one approved protocol to another may cause Pb-in-water health risks to be significantly underestimated, especially for unusual situations of "worst case" individual exposure to highly contaminated water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Lead (Pb) quantification in potable water samples: implications for regulatory compliance and assessment of human exposure

Triantafyllidou

Nguyen

Zhang

et al. 2012

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Many different filter materials have been used. For example, Cartier et al (2011) and Deshommes et al (2010) used 33-mm-diameter 0.45-μm polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) cartridge filters to distinguish between particulate and soluble lead in tap water samples. Wang et al (2012) used 0.22 polyethersulfone (PES) syringe filters to separate dissolved lead in lead(IV) oxide formation studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic evaluation of dissolved lead sorption losses to particulate syringe filter materials

Minning

Lytle

Pham

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

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Distinguishing between soluble and particulate lead in drinking water is useful in understanding the mechanism of lead release and identifying remedial action. Typically, particulate lead is defined as the amount of lead removed by a 0.45-μm filter. Unfortunately, there is little guidance regarding selection of filter membrane material and little consideration to the possibility of the sorption of dissolved lead to the filter. The objective of this work was to examine the tendency of 0.45-μm syringe filter materials to adsorb lead. Tests were performed with water containing 40 and 24 μg/L soluble lead at pH 7 buffered with 50 mg C/L dissolved inorganic concentration (DIC). The amounts of lead sorbed greatly varied by filter, and only two filter types, polypropylene and mixed cellulose esters, performed well and are recommended. Great care must be taken in choosing a filter when filtering soluble lead and interpreting filter results.

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“…These pollutants may induce harmful effects in mice (Deshommes et al 2010;Li et al 2010;Wu et al 2010a, b). The reproductive toxic effects observed in the mice exposed to tap water in this study may be associated with the combined effects of all the pollutants existing in the tap water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive toxicity in male mice exposed to Nanjing City tap water

et al. 2011

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End points of reproductive toxicity were investigated in male mice (Mus musculus, ICR) fed Nanjing City tap water for 90 days. There was no significant alteration in body weights between treatment and control mice. In treated mice, flow cytometry analysis of testicular tissue indicated that the relative percentage of the elongated spermatid (HC) decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Also slight increases in the relative percentage of round spermatids (1C) and primary spermatocytes (4C) were noted. The ratios of 4C:2C (diploid germ cells) and 1C:2C increased, and testicular histopathology indicated an expansion of interstitial space and a decreased number and size of Leydig cells in treated mice. The current study suggests that Nanjing City tap water is toxic to the reproductive system of mice and additional study to evaluate its effects on other species, including human beings, would be warranted.

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Source and occurrence of particulate lead in tap water

Cited by 117 publications

References 19 publications

Lead (Pb) quantification in potable water samples: implications for regulatory compliance and assessment of human exposure

Lead (Pb) quantification in potable water samples: implications for regulatory compliance and assessment of human exposure

Systematic evaluation of dissolved lead sorption losses to particulate syringe filter materials

Reproductive toxicity in male mice exposed to Nanjing City tap water

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