Source monitoring is not always enhanced for valenced material

Cook, Gabriel I.; Hicks, Jason L.; Marsh, Richard L.

doi:10.3758/bf03193443

Cited by 53 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Furthermore, these results are consistent with data showing that source memory is enhanced by valence and, especially, by negative valence (D'Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004;Doerksen & Shimamura, 2001;Kensinger & Corkin, 2003;Kensinger et al, 2007;Mather & Nesmith, 2008;Smith et al, 2004). However, there are also a large number of studies showing that source memory is decreased by emotional or negatively valent material (Anderson & Shimamura, 2005;Cook et al, 2007;Mather et al, 2006;Rossmann, 1984). As was noted earlier, a crucial difference between the present study and most studies showing decreased source memory for emotional items may be that, here, we assessed source memory for valent source information, whereas most other studies have assessed ules, each of which has been selected because it helped to solve the problem of avoiding negative influences in one particular subject area.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…However, despite the strong claims that valence generally enhances information processing (Baumeister et al, 2001), there are also a number of studies that suggest that source memory is not affected by emotional valence (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006) and can even be impaired for emotional or negatively valent material (Anderson & Shimamura, 2005;Cook, Hicks, & Marsh, 2007;Mather et al, 2006;Rossmann, 1984). For example, Cook and colleagues showed that source memory for the modality in which a word was presented (visual or auditory) was worse for negative than for neutral words.…”

Section: Number Of Hitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valence modulates source memory for faces

Bell

Buchner

2009

Memory & Cognition

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Number Of Hitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valence modulates source memory for faces

Bell

Buchner

2009

Memory & Cognition

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“…Indeed, the finding that, overall, subjects tended to report greater success (3.8, as compared with 3.7) during encoding in incorporating the font color into the scenes for neutral than for emotional items may help explain why we observed a difference in source memory. This finding is in contrast to some previous reports in the literature of enhanced source memory for the font color of emotional words (Doerksen & Shimamura, 2001;Kensinger & Corkin, 2003;but see D'Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004), although other studies have shown no difference in source memory accuracy for neutral and emotional stimuli (e.g., Cook et al, 2007;Kensinger & Schacter, 2006;Mather et al, 2006). It is noteworthy that none of these prior studies have controlled for all the other factors that influence memory independently of emotional arousal, such as semantic relatedness.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…2003; Kensinger & Schacter, 2005), other studies either have failed to replicate these findings or have reported a reduction in the accuracy of memory for other types of contextual details, such as the screen location of the test item (Cook, Hicks, & Marsh, 2007;D'Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004;Mather et al, 2006). Thus, whether emotion enhances relational memory as determined by recollection of contextual details is, at present, unclear on the basis of the existing literature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 45%

The role of medial temporal lobe in item recognition and source recollection of emotional stimuli

Dougal

Phelps

Davachi

2007

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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Recent neuroimaging results suggest that distinct regions within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) may differentially support the episodic encoding of item and relational information for nonemotional stimuli (for a review, see Davachi, 2006). The present study was designed to assess whether these findings generalize to emotional stimuli. Behaviorally, we found that emotion reduced item recognition accuracy but did not reliably affect relational memory. fMRI analyses revealed that neutral and emotional words elicited distinct activation patterns within MTL regions predictive of subsequent memory. Consistent with previous findings for neutral words, hippocampal activation predicted later relational memory, whereas activation in the perirhinal cortex predicted successful item recognition. However, for emotional words, activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, and posterior parahippocampal cortex predicted item recognition only. These data suggest that MTL regions differentially support encoding of neutral and emotional stimuli.

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“…In turn, valence differences may be present in source memory because judgments about the type of processing present at encoding would rely on remembering the connection to the self. This argument is situated more generally in the emotional memory literature where several explanations have been proposed for situations where item and source memory are influenced differently by arousal and valence (e.g., Cook, Hicks, & Marsh, 2007;Johnson, Nolde, & De Leonardis, 1996;Mather, 2007). These explanations are based on the idea that sometimes processing is focused more narrowly on an item while other times the item is processed more broadly within its context.…”

Section: The Self-reference Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

I remember Being Nice: Self-Enhancement Memory Bias in Adults and Children

Rowell

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Adults tend to remember themselves in a positive way. For example, they are more likely to remember their past good deeds rather than their bad deeds, which may help them to maintain good mental health and high self-esteem. In contrast, adults tend to have a negativity bias in memory for other people's actions, remembering more of their bad deeds than their good ones. This is also adaptive in that it may help them avoid harmful individuals in the future. In the studies presented here, I ask whether children are also biased to remember their own good deeds better than their bad deeds. I additionally address whether this bias is linked to children's developing self-concepts and to socialization practices during parent-child conversations about the past.Study 1 showed that a well-known memory paradigm can be used to address questions about how well children and adults remember positively and negatively valenced material encoded in relation to themselves and others. Study 1a found that adults remembered nice verbs encoded with reference to themselves better than mean verbs encoded with reference to themselves or mean verbs encoded with reference to someone else. These memory differences were present even when statistical models were used that separated actual remembering from guessing strategies. Study 2 then found this same bias in 8-to 10-year-old children, providing some of the first experimental evidence for self-enhancement in children's memory. Study 3 replicated the findings of Study 1a and sought to address potential mechanisms of selfenhancement bias. Imagine that you get angry and yell at a friend, insulting her and bringing her to tears. Now imagine instead that this friend does the very same thing to you. Will your memory be similarly accurate for both events? Will you be just as likely to recall either event later on? There are many influences on memory that could help predict how well you would remember either event, such as emotional content or distinctiveness. Importantly, there are also factors that only apply to one scenario or the other-functional aspects of memory that lead to a divergence in how well these two events would be remembered. Table of ContentsIn the first scenario, you are the perpetrator of a transgression and because of this, your self-concept will have an important influence on how you remember what happens. Adults generally have a positive view of themselves which leads them to remember themselves in a positive way (Greenwald, 1980). Thus, you are more likely to remember nice things you have done than neutral or mean things. Remembering more of our positive past actions is beneficial in that it may contribute to good mental health (see Taylor & Brown, 1988) and help people in Western cultures live up to the standards of their culture by maintaining high self-esteem , which then continues to perpetuate memory bias.In the second scenario, your friend is the perpetrator of the transgression and you are merely the recipient of their actions. Thus, your self-concept is less o...

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Source monitoring is not always enhanced for valenced material

Cited by 53 publications

References 40 publications

Valence modulates source memory for faces

Valence modulates source memory for faces

The role of medial temporal lobe in item recognition and source recollection of emotional stimuli

I remember Being Nice: Self-Enhancement Memory Bias in Adults and Children

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