Source of head injury for pedestrians and pedal cyclists: Striking vehicle or road?

Badea-Romero, Alexandro; Lenard, James

doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.024

Cited by 58 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition it has been shown that head injuries incurred by pedestrians in side impacts are mainly caused by impact with the road or ground rather than impact with the vehicle (Badea-Romero and Lenard, 2013), indicating the limitations of safety technology for this form of interaction between vehicles and vulnerable road users.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general it is agreed that the implementation of pedestrian detection and autonomous braking as part of an integrated active and passive system will have an important impact for the protection of vulnerable road users (Badea-Romero and Lenard, 2013;Searson et al, 2014) and this will help to tackle the problem of pedestrian accidents commonly caused by human error (Habibovic and Davidsson, 2012;Habibovic et al, 2013). Based on this evidence, governments and regulators, manufacturers, insurance companies and consumer rating organisations are already encouraging the implementation of pedestrian detection and AEB systems.…”

Section: Preprint Submitted To Accident Analysis and Prevention 19th Jumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols

Lenard

Badea-Romero

Danton³

2014

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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An increasing proportion of new vehicles are being fitted with autonomous emergency braking systems. It is difficult for consumers to judge the effectiveness of these safety systems for individual models unless their performance is evaluated through track testing under controlled conditions. This paper aimed to contribute to the development of relevant test conditions by describing typical circumstances of pedestrian accidents. Cluster analysis was applied to two large British databases and both highlighted an urban scenario in daylight and fine weather where a small pedestrian walks across the road, especially from the near kerb, in clear view of a driver who is travelling straight ahead. For each dataset a main test configuration was defined to represent the conditions of the most common accident scenario along with test variations to reflect the characteristics of less common accident scenarios. Some of the variations pertaining to less common accident circumstances or to a minority of casualties in these scenarios were proposed as optional or supplementary test elements for an outstanding performance rating. Many considerations are incorporated into the final design and implementation of an actual testing regime, such as cost and the state of development of technology; only the representation of accident data lay within the scope of this paper. It would be desirable to ascertain the wider representativeness of the results by analysing accident data from other countries in a similar manner.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preprint Submitted To Accident Analysis and Prevention 19th Jumentioning

confidence: 99%

Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols

Lenard

Badea-Romero

Danton³

2014

Accident Analysis & Prevention

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition, it has been determined that head injuries incurred by pedestrians in side impacts are mainly caused by impact with the road or ground rather than impact with the vehicle (Badea et al, 2013), indicating the limitations of safety technology for this form of interaction between vehicles and vulnerable road users.…”

Section: Fig 2 Risk Of Pedestrian Death As a Function Of Vehicle Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Pedestrians’ Role in Road Accidents

2017

ijtte

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Nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day. In 2013 in European Union more than 22 % of all who died in road traffic crashes were pedestrians. The number of pedestrians killed on roads in the EU has decreased by only 11 %, compared to the total fatality decrease of 18 % from 2010 to 2013. Of all pedestrian fatalities, 69 % are killed inside urban areas. This paper reviews the literature concerning pedestrian-motor vehicle collision and road safety management according to pedestrian role in accident rise. Paper examine pedestrians safety in order to determine what kind of factors of transport infrastructure, vehicle technical parameters, pedestrian behaviour and road or street category have the influence on pedestrian and vehicle accidents and identify technical reasons of accidents rise. Pedestrians crossing, crossing selection, crossing design and waiting times present the pedestrian role in accident according to road situation. A review is conducted of information in the literature on the injury outcome of a pedestrian/vehicle collision for a given impact speed and the likely consequences of reducing the travelling speeds of vehicles in terms of the frequency and severity of pedestrian injuries. Technical information found gives the opportunity to improve accident reconstruction cases and technical parameters, also it let to identify road infrastructure problems and pedestrian behaviour in road.

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“…In cyclist fatalities, the head was the most frequently injured body region (Bambach et al, 2013;Matsui and Oikawa, 2015a). Badea-Romero and Lenard (2013) found that 69% of head injuries occurred from contact with the road or ground rather than with the striking vehicle. compared the rates of cyclist head injuries due to impact with vehicles or roads for age groups of 13-59 years, 60-64 years, 65-74 years, and over 75 years using Japanese accident data from 2009 to 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite element analysis of the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in head impacts against roads

Oikawa

Nakadate

Zhang

et al. 2017

JBSE

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Severe head injuries can occur in cyclists involved in traffic accidents. In Japan, head injuries accounted for 62% of cyclist fatalities in 2015 (ITARDA, 2016). The purpose of this study is to estimate head injuries for cyclists and quantify the effectiveness of a bicycle helmet by performing finite element (FE) simulations of head impacts against roads. Impacts with and without a helmet over a range of relative head velocities and head impact angles were simulated. A number of possible head injuries were assessed; skull fracture by skull strain, traumatic intracerebral hematoma (ICH) by brain pressure, brain contusion by brain negative-pressure and von Mises stress, and moderate and severe diffuse axonal injuries (DAIs) by von Mises stress. Results showed that without a helmet, the peak values of all metrics exceeded the 50% probability point for head injury in all impacts. The 50% probability points of moderate and severe DAIs were exceeded under impacts of 8.22 m/s at 26.5 degrees and 10.33 m/s at 15.0 degrees for moderate DAI, and 10.33 m/s at 15.0 degrees for severe DAI, without a helmet. All the peak values were reduced when a bicycle helmet was worn, and the largest reduction was found in the skull strain. These results predict that the risks of head injuries due to road impacts may be considerably decreased by helmet use.

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Source of head injury for pedestrians and pedal cyclists: Striking vehicle or road?

Cited by 58 publications

References 14 publications

Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols

Typical pedestrian accident scenarios for the development of autonomous emergency braking test protocols

Pedestrians’ Role in Road Accidents

Finite element analysis of the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in head impacts against roads

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