Source region identification and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in the Tokyo Bay coastal area, Japan

Impact of shipping emission reductions on the chemical composition of aerosols in coastal urban air revealed by receptor modelling and numerical simulations

“…It has been reported that the higher alkanes (C > 9) and aromatics are more associated with shipping emissions, than vehicular exhausts 9 . The halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloro uorocarbon (CFCs), tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) have been considered as indicators for aged air masses [49][50][51][52] , however the spatial analysis result in this study showed that these trace gases might be enhanced by local sources in port regions. As shown in Fig.…”

“…A UK emission inventory for nonmethane volatile organic emission compounds, reported that light alkanes and alkenes are signi cantly determined by combustion sources 55 . Many source apportionment studies have highlighted that light alkanes, such as butane, iso/n-pentane and hexane, are predominantly the result of tra c exhaust emissions and gasoline evaporation in urban air 52,58,59,[62][63][64] . It has been generally reported that the signi cance of ethane and acetylene in urban air is attributable to tra c exhaust emissions through an incomplete combustion process 48,57 .…”

“…However, the enhanced emissions for CO and hydrocarbons during manoeuvring conditions at low engine load were observed through real-time on-board measurements, and was explained by incomplete combustion during transient working conditions 53 . 1,3-butadiene is known to be an important pyrolysis product of fuels 52,54,55 . As can be seen in Fig.…”

“…Factor 3 was explained by high factor loading of cyclic alkanes (cyclopentane, cyclohexane), isohexane (2-methylpentane) and organic aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, xylenes + ethylbenzene and C3alkylbenzene). It has been commonly reported that BTEX are produced through volatilisation processes (petrogenic) and they are used as source markers for solvent usages either from the industrial sector or from residential sectors in urban air 52,[56][57][58] . Some studies have claimed that enhanced BTEX levels in urban air are related to vehicular exhaust emissions (pyrogenic) [59][60][61] .…”

Real-time measurements of non-methane volatile organic compounds in the central Indo-Gangetic basin, Lucknow, India: source characterisation and their role in O3 and secondary organic aerosol formation

“…In addition, recent studies based on real-time measurements of NMVOCs using a proton-transfer-reaction time-offlight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) in Delhi (L. Jain et al, 2022) and Mohali (Pallavi et al, 2019) emphasised the importance of source characterisation of NMVOCs simultaneously. Very few source apportionment studies highlighted the sources of NMVOCs present in other Asian cities (L. Wang et al, 2021;Tan et al, 2021;Fukusaki et al, 2021a;Sarkar et al, 2017;Hui et al, 2018). These studies highlighted that NMVOC sources have substantial value in checking the secondary aerosol formation and air quality.…”