Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales

McDuffie, Erin E.; Martin, Randall V.; Spadaro, Joseph V.; Burnett, Richard T.; Smith, Steve; O’Rourke, Patrick; Hammer, Melanie S.; Donkelaar, Aaron van; Bindle, Liam; Shah, Viral; Jaeglé, Lyatt; Luo, Gan; Yu, Fangqun; Adeniran, Jamiu Adetayo; Lin, Jintai; Bräuer, Michael

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23853-y

Cited by 316 publications

(267 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Fuel consumption for power generation, industrial processes, transportation (including airplanes, shipping, and heavy-, medium-, and light-duty vehicles), agriculture, and residential energy use (e.g., heating, cooking, and lighting), releases CO 2 and a mixture of air pollutants (e.g., black carbon, organic carbon), and air pollution precursor emissions (e.g., nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide) that form secondary pollutants like fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone. Globally, over half of the PM 2.5 mortality burden is attributable to coal combustion (McDuffie et al, 2021). Emissions from residential, industrial, and energy sectors contribute an estimated 19, 12, and 10% of global PM 2.5 mortality.…”

Section: Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

Castillo¹,

Anenberg²,

Huxley³

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Cities

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While ambitious carbon reduction policies are needed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change, the costs of these policies can be balanced by wide ranging health benefits for local communities. Cities, responsible for ~70% of the world's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and home to a growing majority of the world's population, offer enormous opportunities for both climate action and health improvement. We aim to review the current state of knowledge on key pathways leading from carbon mitigation to human health benefits, and to evaluate our current ability to quantify health benefits for cities around the world. For example, because GHGs and air pollutants are both released during fuel combustion, reducing fuel burning can reduce both GHGs and air pollutants, leading to direct health benefits. Air quality improvements may be particularly important for city-scale climate action planning because the benefits occur locally and relatively immediately, compared with the global and long-term (typically, decades to centuries) benefits for the climate system. In addition to improved air quality, actions that promote active transport in cities via improved cycling and pedestrian infrastructure can reap large cardiovascular health benefits via increased physical activity. Exposure to green space has been associated with beneficial health outcomes in a growing number of epidemiological studies and meta-analyses conducted around the world. Finally, noise is an underappreciated environmental risk factor in cities which can be addressed through actions to reduce motor vehicle traffic and other noise sources. All of these environmental health pathways are supported by well-conducted epidemiological studies in multiple locales, providing quantitative exposure–response data that can be used as inputs to health impact assessments (HIAs). However, most epidemiologic evidence derives from studies in high-income countries. It is unclear to what extent such evidence is directly transferable for policies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This gap calls for a future focus on building the evidence based in LMIC cities. Finally, the literature suggests that policies are likely to be most effective when they are developed by multidisciplinary teams that include policy makers, researchers, and representatives from affected communities.

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Section: Air Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

Castillo¹,

Anenberg²,

Huxley³

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Cities

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“…In highly urbanized regions, the environmental concentration of Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and black carbon (BC) is high (56). PM2.5 is the mass of particles per cubic meter in the air, with a size (diameter) generally <2.5 micrometers (µm), and is well-known as delicate particulate matter (2.5 micrometers is one 400th of a millimeter) (57). Studies have found that PM2.5 and BC were positively associated with an osteoporosis-related fracture (58).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Dietary Se Intake Is Associated With the Risk of New-Onset Fracture: A National Longitudinal Study for 20 Years

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Background: The association between dietary selenium (Se) intake and osteoporosis-related fractures remains inconsistent. We aimed to examine the dose relationship between Se intake and incident fracture among Chinese adults.Methods: The dietary data were retrieved from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted between 1991 and 2011, and 17,150 participants aged above 20 were included. A 3-day, 24-h recall of food intake was performed to assess cumulative average dietary Se intake. The fracture was based on self-report in each survey between 1997 and 2011. The association between Se intake and fracture was tested by Cox regression, and the non-linear association was examined by restricted cubic splines (RCS).Results: There were 976 fracture cases during a mean of 10.2 years follow-up. In a fully adjusted Cox model, across the quartiles of Se intake, the hazard ratios (HRs) for fracture were 1.07 (95% CI .86–1.33), 1 (reference), 1.25 (95% CI 1.02–1.53), and 1.33 (95% CI 1.07–1.65). RCS showed a parabolic association (P non-linear = 0.037) between Se and fracture for men as well as a U-shape dose-response (P non-linear = 0.04) between Se and fracture for subjects living in highly urbanized areas.Conclusion: In conclusion, there is a non-linear association between selenium intake and fracture, with higher intake associated with increased risk. The shape of the association varies by gender and urbanization level.

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“…This global burden, however, is not uniformly distributed across all countries, with air pollution-attributable mortalities generally much higher in low to middle income countries (generally upper right in Figure 2). The main sources of air pollution in each region differ as well (McDuffie et al, 2021). A much larger fraction of pollutant emissions in lower income countries originate from solid biofuel use and open burning, while sources shift to predominantly fossil fuel combustion in high Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) countries (GBD 2019Risk Factor Collaborators, 2020.…”

Section: Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opinion: Coordinated Development of Emission Inventories for Climate Forcers and Air Pollutants

Smith

McDuffie²,

Charles

2022

Preprint

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Abstract. Emissions into the atmosphere of fine particulates, their precursors, and precursors to tropospheric ozone, not only impact human health and ecosystems, but also impact the climate by altering Earth’s radiative balance. Accurately quantifying these impacts across local to global scales, historically, and in future scenarios, requires emission inventories that are accurate, transparent, complete, comparable, and consistent. In an effort to better quantify the emissions and impacts of these pollutants, also called short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is developing a new SLCF emissions methodology report. This report would supplement existing IPCC reporting guidance on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories, currently used by inventory compilers to fulfill national reporting requirements under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and new requirements of the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) under the Paris Agreement starting in 2024. We review the relevant issues, including how air pollutant and GHG inventory activities have historically been structured, as well as potential benefits, challenges, and recommendations for coordinating GHG and air pollutant inventory efforts. We argue that while there are potential benefits to increasing coordination between air pollutant and GHG inventory development efforts, we also caution that there are differences in appropriate methodologies and applications that must jointly be considered.

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Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales

Cited by 316 publications

References 65 publications

Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

Quantifying the Health Benefits of Urban Climate Mitigation Actions: Current State of the Epidemiological Evidence and Application in Health Impact Assessments

Higher Dietary Se Intake Is Associated With the Risk of New-Onset Fracture: A National Longitudinal Study for 20 Years

Opinion: Coordinated Development of Emission Inventories for Climate Forcers and Air Pollutants

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