Source:sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize:

Rajcan, Irena; Tollenaar, M.

doi:10.1016/s0378-4290(98)00143-9

Cited by 225 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…2; Table S5). Combined with the observation that Cluster 4 was over-represented for specific candidate promoter motifs (Table 2), these data suggest that maize has a transcriptional module that acts to facilitate reproductive stage nitrate transport and assimilation in leaves, perhaps to supply grain demand for nitrogen 45 , 48 , 50 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In maize, though a considerable fraction of grain nitrogen originates from scavenged nitrogen from senescing leaves, 30–70% comes from post-silking uptake of soil nitrogen, especially nitrate 45 , 50 . In fact, a recent study by Garnett et al 50 showed that there is a reproductive (anthesis) phase peak in root nitrate uptake associated with increased expression of nitrate transporters. Enzymatic nitrate reductase activity has been measured in maize roots, with peak levels occurring in root tips 51 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes exhibit developmental stage-selective expression in maize (Zea maysL.) associated with distinctcis-acting promoter motifs

Liseron-Monfils

Downs

et al. 2013

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Nitrogen is considered the most limiting nutrient for maize (Zea mays L.), but there is limited understanding of the regulation of nitrogen-related genes during maize development. An Affymetrix 82K maize array was used to analyze the expression of ≤ 46 unique nitrogen uptake and assimilation probes in 50 maize tissues from seedling emergence to 31 d after pollination. Four nitrogen-related expression clusters were identified in roots and shoots corresponding to, or overlapping, juvenile, adult, and reproductive phases of development. Quantitative real time PCR data was consistent with the existence of these distinct expression clusters. Promoters corresponding to each cluster were screened for over-represented cis-acting elements. The 8-bp distal motif of the Arabidopsis 43-bp nitrogen response element (NRE) was over-represented in nitrogen-related maize gene promoters. This conserved motif, referred to here as NRE43-d8, was previously shown to be critical for nitrate-activated transcription of nitrate reductase (NIA1) and nitrite reductase (NIR1) by the NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 6 (NLP6) in Arabidopsis. Here, NRE43-d8 was over-represented in the promoters of maize nitrate and ammonium transporter genes, specifically those that showed peak expression during early-stage vegetative development. This result predicts an expansion of the NRE-NLP6 regulon and suggests that it may have a developmental component in maize. We also report leaf expression of putative orthologs of nitrite transporters (NiTR1), a transporter not previously reported in maize. We conclude by discussing how each of the four transcriptional modules may be responsible for the different nitrogen uptake and assimilation requirements of leaves and roots at different stages of maize development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes exhibit developmental stage-selective expression in maize (Zea maysL.) associated with distinctcis-acting promoter motifs

Liseron-Monfils

Downs

et al. 2013

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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“…The source:sink ratio can be defined as the supply and demand of assimilates within a plant during grain fill (Rajcan and Tollenaar, 1999). This relationship can be greatly influenced by plant density.…”

Section: Source-sink Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Plant Density Tolerance in U.S. Maize Germplasm

2014

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A broad range of U.S. maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm was evaluated for plant density tolerance (PDT) to identify potential sources of favorable alleles and to obtain a better understanding the underlying genetics involved. Thirty‐two hybrids created using a set of inbreds representing parentage of key heterotic subgroups were evaluated at plant densities ranging from 47,000 (19,000 plants per acre [ppA]) to 133,000 plants ha−1 (54,000 ppA). Forty‐eight phenotypic traits from five categories (photosynthetic capability, plant architecture, growth responses, source–sink relationship, and general stress tolerance) as well as grain yield were evaluated in three environments that differed for levels of soil moisture availability. The relationship between plant density and grain yield was assessed for each hybrid, with a wide range of responses observed. Five hybrids showed substantial tolerance to plant densities ≥116,000 plants ha−1 based on grain yield performance. Phenotypic trait correlations revealed a subset of traits associated with grain yield across plant densities, with all five categories of traits implicated directly; the subset included leaf angle, upper stem diameter, leaf area required to produce a gram of grain, kernel rows per ear, days to canopy closure, barrenness, kernels per plant, kernel length, leaf number, upper leaf area, staygreen, zipper effect, kernels per row, and anthesis–silking interval. Analysis of gene action for grain yield across plant densities emphasized the prominence of additivity, the increasing importance of nonadditivity as plant density and environmental stress levels increased, and genotype by environment interaction. This work paves the way for further characterization of PDT through quantitative trait locus mapping and candidate gene approaches.

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“…Moll et al (1982) determined that N utilization can be divided into two processes: N-uptake efficiency and N-transfer efficiency. N-uptake is a reflection of the capacity of the plant to recover N from fertilizer and soil (Moll et al, 1982; Foulkes et al, 2009) depending on the amount of root length density and the uninterrupted carbohydrate mobilization from shoot to root (Tolley-Henry et al, 1988; Rajcan and Tollenaar, 1999). The N-transfer efficiency is the ability of the plant to transfer the N taken up by the crop into the grain during the grain-filling period (Moll et al, 1982; Foulkes et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating Planting Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Improve Yield and Reduce Environmental Impact in Chinese Maize Production

Huang

Tian

et al. 2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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Relatively low nitrogen (N) efficiency and heavy environmental costs caused by excessive N fertilizer applications with outdated fertilization techniques are current cultivation production problems with maize among smallholders in North China Plain. Although many studies have examined agronomical strategies for improving yields and N use, the integrated effects of these measures and the associated environmental costs are not well understood. We conducted a 2-year field study with two densities (67,500 plants ha-1, which was similar to local farmers’ practices, and 90,000 plants ha-1) and three N rates (0, 180, and 360 kg ha-1, the rate local farmers’ commonly apply) to test the integrated effects for maize production at Wuqiao experimental station in North China Plain. The higher planting density produced significant increases in grain yield (GY), N use efficiency (NUE), agronomic N efficiency (AEN), and N partial productivity (PFPN) by 6.6, 3.9, 24.7, and 8.8%, respectively; in addition, N2O emission and greenhouse gas intensity decreased by 7.3 and 4.3%, respectively. With a lower N application rate, from 360 to 180 kg ha-1, GY was unchanged, and NUE, AEN, and PFPN all significantly increased by 6.2, 96.0, and 98.7%, respectively; in addition, N2O emission and greenhouse gas intensity decreased by 61.5 and 46.2%, respectively. The optimized N rate (180 kg N ha-1) for the 90,000 plants ha-1 treatment achieved the highest yield with only 50% of the N fertilizer input commonly employed by local farmers’ (360 kg N ha-1), which contributed to the increased N-uptake and N-transfer capacity. Therefore, our study demonstrated that agronomical methods such as increasing planting density with reasonable N application could be useful to obtain higher GY along with efficient N management to help lower environmental costs of maize production.

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Source:sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize:

Cited by 225 publications

References 32 publications

Nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes exhibit developmental stage-selective expression in maize (Zea maysL.) associated with distinctcis-acting promoter motifs

Nitrogen transporter and assimilation genes exhibit developmental stage-selective expression in maize (Zea maysL.) associated with distinctcis-acting promoter motifs

Survey of Plant Density Tolerance in U.S. Maize Germplasm

Manipulating Planting Density and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application to Improve Yield and Reduce Environmental Impact in Chinese Maize Production

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