Sources and prevalence of pentachlorobenzene in the environment

Bailey, Robert E.; Wijk, Dolf Van; Thomas, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.038

Cited by 78 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…8-79.6, 14.3-92.9, and 21.1-126 pg m -3 at SON, WEI, and UFS, respectively). The uniform distribution of pentachlorobenzene is consistent with a compound having a long atmospheric lifetime (Bailey et al, 2009). In the Lys Valley, Italian Alps, Jaward et al (2005) recorded a mean concentration of 20 pg m ) was measured in the Arctic , whereas in wetlands in India, concentrations exceeding 100 pg m -3 are frequent (Zhang et al, 2008).…”

Section: Mean Concentrations and Seasonality Comparison To Worldwidementioning

confidence: 72%

Ambient Air Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides at Three High Alpine Monitoring Stations: Trends and Dependencies on Geographical Origin

Kirchner

Jakobi

Körner

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), which are emitted into air, occur ubiquitously in different environmental compartments worldwide. OCPs are measurable in conspicuous concentrations in the air not only near emission regions but also in background areas, as in the Alps. In the present study, we analyzed OCPs in air samples between 2005 and 2013 at three high Alpine stations (Weißfluhjoch, Switzerland: 2663 m a.s.l.; Sonnblick, Austria: 3106 m a.s.l.; and Schneefernerhaus, Germany: 2650 m a.s.l.). The air concentrations of OCPs at these stations were lower than those in source regions but higher than those in the Arctic region. Concentration differences between sites were found to be relatively small. To distinguish the influences from different European source regions, four filters of lowvolume active air samplers were operated alternately according to a trajectory prediction method. Air masses from the northeast (i.e., Bavaria and Eastern Central Europe) and the south (i.e., Mediterranean countries) were characterized by higher concentrations of OCPs (e.g., pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene) compared with those arriving from the Atlantic Ocean. Additionally, we evaluated the temporal trend of the single compounds; only a few compounds such as endosulfan exhibited a clear decreasing trend.

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Section: Mean Concentrations and Seasonality Comparison To Worldwidementioning

confidence: 72%

Ambient Air Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides at Three High Alpine Monitoring Stations: Trends and Dependencies on Geographical Origin

Kirchner

Jakobi

Körner

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…From the emission factor of dl-PCBs, it can be seen that the toxic contribution of dl-PCBs accounted for about 5% of PCDD/F toxicity during coke production, and the emission factor of dl-PCBs was lower than that (averaging 0.13 µg I-TEQ tonne -1 sinter) of iron ore sintering plants with coke as fuel in the UK (20). With regard to HxCBz and PeCBz, the derived emission factor for coke production was relatively low compared with other sources, such as waste incineration, secondary copper production, cement production, and so on (6,27). Taking the output of coke in 2007 as an example, the global output of coke reached about 558 million tonnes.…”

Section: Emission Factors and Estimation Of Annualmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Emission of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, Hexachlorobenzene, and Pentachlorobenzene from the Coking Industry

Liu

Wang

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

148

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The coking process is considered to be a potential source of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UP-POPs). However, intensive studies on the emission of UP-POPs from the coking industry are still very scarce. Emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) covered under the Stockholm Convention were investigated for the coking process in this study. Stack gases from some typical coke plants in China were collected and analyzed to estimate the emission of UP-POPs from the coking industry. Emission factors of 28.9 ng WHO-TEQ tonne -1 for PCDD/Fs, 1.7 ng WHO-TEQ tonne -1 for dlPCBs, 596 ng tonne -1 for HxCBz, and 680 ng tonne -1 for PeCBz were derived based on the investigated data. The annual emissions from the global coking industry were estimated to be 15.8 g WHO-TEQ for PCDD/Fs, 0.93 g WHO-TEQ for dl-PCBs, 333 g for HxCBz, and 379 g for PeCBz, respectively (reference year 2007). According to the distribution of PCDD/Fs, we argued for the de novo synthesis to be the major pathway of PCDD/F formation. With regard to the characteristics of dl-PCBs, the most abundant congener was CB-118, and the most dominant contributor to the total WHO-TEQ of dl-PCBs was CB-126. IntroductionPersistent organic pollutants (POPs) are extremely harmful to human health and the environment because of their high toxicity, persistence in the environment, and bioaccumulation through the food web. Once released into the environment, they can be transported and distributed on a global scale by the grasshopper effect and global fractionation (1,2). Minimizing environmental exposure to POPs is an important public goal for environmental protection, also with respect to sustainable development. As it is very difficult to eliminate POPs by photodegradation, chemical degradation, or biodegradation under environmental conditions due to their high stability and persistence (3), controlling and regulating the emission of unintentionally produced POPs (UP-POPs) from key sources is one of the most effective measures for protecting our environment and human health from .Evaluating the emissions of UP-POPs from sources is important for applying the best available technology/best environmental practice (BAT/BEP) to priority sources and developing a POP inventory. Many sources for the emission of UP-POPs have been identified and quantified (7,8), and the effects of various parameters on the formation of UPPOPs have been demonstrated in many studies (9-13). Sources of POPs and their relative importance have changed substantially over the past several decades. Municipal waste incineration was previously a major contributor of UP-POPs to the environment, but following the implementation of various regulations, and improvements in combustion technology and emission cleaning techniques, this is now generally considered to have a lower contribution to the total emissions to air. Thus, some other potential sources ...

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“…Once released into various environmental compartments such as air, water, soil, sediment and food, they can be dispersed on global scale and pose serious health and environmental risks [3,4]. Thus, issues associated with unintentional POP formation, emission, transport, abatement, and environmental risk assessment have been intensively investigated [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary investigation of unintentional POP emissions from thermal wire reclamation at industrial scrap metal recycling parks in China

Nie

Zheng

Liu

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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a b s t r a c tThermal wire reclamation is considered to be a potential source of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (unintentional POPs). In this study, unintentional POP concentrations, including PCDD/Fs, dioxin like PCBs (dl-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz), were quantified in flue gas and residual ash emissions from thermal wire reclamation at scrap metal dismantling parks in Zhejiang Province, China. The total average TEQ emissions of the investigated unintentional POPs from flue gas and residual ash in two typical scrap metal recycling plants ranged from 13.1 to 48.3 ng TEQ N m −3 and 0.08 to 2.8 ng TEQ g −1 , respectively. The dominant PCDD/F congeners were OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, while PCB-126 and PCB-169 were the main contributors to the toxicity of the dl-PCBs. There were clear differences in the distribution dl-PCBs congeners contributing to the TEQ concentrations in the flue gas samples from the two plants. The PCN TEQs were dominated by PCN-66/67 and PCN-73. Although thermal wire reclamation in incinerators has been proposed as an alternative to open burning, there are still considerable environmental risks associated with regulated incinerators, and unintentional POP emissions from thermal wire reclamation sites need to be controlled by local government agencies.

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Sources and prevalence of pentachlorobenzene in the environment

Cited by 78 publications

References 92 publications

Ambient Air Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides at Three High Alpine Monitoring Stations: Trends and Dependencies on Geographical Origin

Ambient Air Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides at Three High Alpine Monitoring Stations: Trends and Dependencies on Geographical Origin

Atmospheric Emission of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, Hexachlorobenzene, and Pentachlorobenzene from the Coking Industry

A preliminary investigation of unintentional POP emissions from thermal wire reclamation at industrial scrap metal recycling parks in China

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