Sources of Chlorate Ion in US Drinking Water

Bolyard, Michele; Fair, Patricia Snyder; Hautman, Daniel P.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06064.x

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Free chlorine content continued to decrease over 2 days, suggesting the decontaminating solution would need to be prepared at the time of use. The solution half-life ('pot' life) was 34 h. As expected, chlorate (ClO3 -) was observed as the decomposition product of hypochlorite (5). The chlorite (ClO2 -) precursor was not observed because it is known to rapidly convert to chlorate (7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Inactivation of Biological Agents Using Neutral Oxone-Chloride Solutions

Delcomyn

Bushway

Henley

2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Bleach solutions containing the active ingredient hypochlorite (OCl -) serve as powerful biological disinfectants but are highly caustic and present a significant compatibility issue when applied to contaminated equipment or terrain. A neutral, bicarbonate-buffered aqueous solution of Oxone (2K 2 HSO 5 ‚KHSO 4 ‚K 2 SO 4 ) and sodium chloride that rapidly generates hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in situ was evaluated as a new alternative to bleach for the inactivation of biological agents. The solution produced a free chlorine (HOCl + OCl -) concentration of 3.3 g/L and achieved g5.8-log inactivation of spores of Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Aspergillus niger, and Escherichia coli vegetative cells in 1 min at 22°C. Seawater was an effective substitute for solid sodium chloride and inactivated 5 to 8 logs of each organism in 10 min over temperatures ranging from -5°C to 55°C. Sporicidal effectiveness increased as free chlorine concentrations shifted from OCl -to HOCl. Neutrally buffered Oxone-chloride and Oxone-seawater solutions are mitigation alternatives for biologically contaminated equipment and environments that would otherwise be decontaminated using caustic bleach solutions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Inactivation of Biological Agents Using Neutral Oxone-Chloride Solutions

Delcomyn

Bushway

Henley

2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Figure 1, part A shows that ClO 2 ‐ levels decreased in the batch incubation during one sampling, which suggested some ClO 2 ‐ instability as the water traveled in the distribution system (Bolyard et al, 1993; Hautman & Bolyard, 1992a; Hautman & Bolyard, 1992b; Pfaff & Brockhoff, 1990).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remaining ClO 2 levels (<0.01 mg/L) were considered negligible. ClO 2 ‐ was preserved with addition of 50 mg/L of ethylenediamine (EDA) to each sample (Bolyard et al, 1993; Hautman & Bolyard, 1992a; Hautman & Bolyard, 1992b). ClO 2 ‐ and ClO 3 ‐ were measured by ionic chromatography 5 with suppresser and conductivity detector, according to USEPA (1991).…”

Section: Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorite and Chlorate ion variability IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Baribeau¹,

Prévost²,

Desjardins³

et al. 2002

Journal AWWA

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This study tracked changes in chlorite ion (ClO2–) and chlorate ion (ClO3–) concentrations in the distribution system of the City of Laval, Québec, following use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) or free chlorine. Water was collected in small‐ and large‐diameter pipes with respect to the residence time of each sampling point. In the network fed by a treatment plant using ClO2 in postdisinfection, ClO2– concentrations decreased with increasing water residence time. In the networks fed by treatment plants using free chlorine in postdisinfection, ClO2– levels remained below the method detection limit (MDL). ClO3– concentrations measured in the network following ClO2 postdisinfection were found to be either below the MDL or stable at a low level (0.09 mg/L) in cold water; ClO3– levels decreased slightly in warm water with increasing residence time. In the networks using free chlorine as a postdisinfectant, ClO3– levels showed significant variations in their overall concentrations during different samplings or with specific changes in their concentration related to residence time.

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“…Also, chlorine dioxide-treated water exposed to light can photodecornpose to yield chlorate and chlorite ion (Bolyard et al, 1993).…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%