Sources of nickel allergy in Budapest

Nebenführer, L; Kohánka, Valéria; Vincze, E; Korossy, S; Szakály, I; Gozony, M

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00356.x

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1984

DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00356.x

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Sources of nickel allergy in Budapest

L Nebenführer¹,

Valéria Kohánka

E Vincze³

et al.

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2011

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“…In Lodz, Poland, the prevalence of nickel allergy increased in female and male patients from 7.1% to 43.7% and from 4.3% to 8.5%, respectively, over the period from 1977–1980 to 1985–1988 (224). In Budapest, Hungary, the prevalence of nickel allergy increased from 6.9% in 1978 to 10.7% in 1982 (243). In Spain the prevalence of cobalt allergy increased from 4.5% to 10.0% between 1977 and 1982 and further to 16% in 1985 (168).…”

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Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

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Over the 20th century, the frequent use of nickel in consumer products resulted in an increasing prevalence of nickel allergy. Risk items included suspenders in the 1950s-1960s; buttons, zippers and rivets in the 1970s; and ear-piercing jewellery in the 1980s. When subjects allergic to nickel were exposed to nickel in high concentrations, it often resulted in allergic nickel contact dermatitis and hand eczema. In 1990, the Danish government began to regulate consumer nickel exposure as a response to the increasing nickel allergy problem. In 1994, the EU Nickel Directive was passed, a regulation that was based on the Danish and Swedish nickel regulations. These major public health interventions were expected to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy and dermatitis in Europe. Furthermore, it was debated whether nickel would be replaced by cobalt in inexpensive jewellery and result in higher prevalence of cobalt allergy. An evaluation of the possible effects of the European nickel regulations is of importance to ensure protection of consumers and dermatitis patients. This doctoral thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of regulatory interventions on nickel exposure by investigating the development of nickel allergy and dermatitis before and after nickel regulation. Furthermore, a change in the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema was evaluated. The nickel spot test was validated to determine its value when used for screening purposes. Possible explanations for the persistence of nickel allergy were explored including genetic predisposition and consumer nickel exposure from jewellery and accessories. A cobalt spot test was developed and validated. Finally, it was evaluated whether a cobalt allergy epidemic had replaced the nickel allergy epidemic after nickel regulation in terms of increasing cobalt sensitization and cobalt exposure. The thesis showed that the prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly after nickel regulation in young Danish women from the general population (18-35 years) and in young Danish female dermatitis patients from a university patch test clinic (0-30 years). Stratification by ear-piercing status revealed that women ear pierced before 1990 had a significantly higher prevalence of nickel allergy and dermatitis than women ear pierced after 1990. Furthermore, the association between hand eczema and nickel allergy decreased in young women aged 18-35 years when a comparison was made between women who were patch tested and questioned in, respectively, 1990 and 2006. Despite the decreasing prevalence of nickel allergy, this condition remains prevalent in young Danish women, as about 10% are nickel allergic. Genetic predisposition to nickel allergy was evaluated by investigating the possible association between filaggrin null mutation status and nickel allergy. A positive association was found but it was also concluded that environmental nickel exposure is of much greater importance. Thus, of 354 consumer items purchased from 36 different stores in Copenhagen, 22% released ni...

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Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

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Sources of nickel allergy in Budapest

Cited by 1 publication

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Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

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