“…Adverse experiences during sensitive developmental periods cause profound and persistent psychological and physiological alterations that establish a lifetime vulnerability to negative sequelae of stress (Min, Minnes, Kim, & Singer, 2013 ; Nemeroff, 2016 ). Individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment (CM), i.e., sexual abuse as well as physical and emotional maltreatment and neglect, were shown to develop more mental and physical health problems than individuals without a CM history, especially when encountering additional stressors later in life (Hitzler et al, 2022 ; McLaughlin, Conron, Koenen, & Gilman, 2010 ; Thakkar & McCanne, 2000 ). Increased sensitivity to stress in CM-affected individuals was repeatedly linked to alterations in the regulation of physiological stress-response systems, including the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with its glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, as well as to increased reactivity of the immune system along with chronic low-grade inflammation (Boeck et al, 2016 ; Carpenter et al, 2007 ; Danese & Baldwin, 2017 ; Koenig et al, 2018a ; Strueber, Strueber, & Roth, 2014 ).…”