Sources of variability in perceptions of and responses to sexual harassment

Should I Confront Him? Men’s Reactions to Hypothetical Confrontations of Peer Sexual Harassment

“…It is well documented in the sexual harassment literature (Baker et al 1990;Jones and Remland 1992), and predicted by feminist theory, that more subtle forms of sexual harassment are less frequently recognized as acts of discrimination, particularly by men. Thus, it seems likely that men's perception of whether sexual harassment has occurred influences their reactions to confrontations.…”

“…Research shows us that men are more likely to think that more subtle sexually harassing behaviours (such as gender harassment and some forms of unwanted sexual attention) are not harassment (Baker et al 1990;Jones and Remland 1992). This lack of recognition of subtle sexual harassment comes as no surprise to feminist theorists, as society has taught men that they have a right to unfettered visual and physical access to women, and that sexist jokes, images, and comments are normal and expected (particularly in male dominated workplaces).…”

Doing Masculinity in a Mental Hospital

“…Rewards and punishments for gendered behaviors are found in many settings (Acker 1990;Costrich et al 1975;Dunn and Skaggs 1999;Hartmann 1993;Hochschild 1983;Jackman 1999;Jones and Remland 1992;Lips 2000;Ridgeway 1997;Ridgeway and Smith-Lovin 1999) and in this case the staff members' beliefs about how men should treat women became structurally legitimated through their position of authority. Staff reinforced gendered behaviors because they were still exposed to normative gendered 9 ideals both in the hospital and outside of the hospital when they left their workplace and entered the "outside world 5 .…”

The Continuation of Perpetrator Behaviors that Influence Perceptions of Sexual Harassment

“…Generally, research shows that any type of resistance from the victim, such as saying "stop," strengthens perceptions of sexual harassment (Henry & Meltzoff, 1998;Hurt, Maver, & Hofmann, 1999;Jones & Remland, 1992;Jones, Remland, & Brunner, 1987;Remland & Jones, 1985;York, 1989). However, there may be certain situations in which saying "stop" is not sufficient to convince individuals that sexual attention is unwanted because other factors may override or counter the verbal resistance.…”

“…L. Blakely, E. H. Blakely, & Moorman, 1995;Burgess & Borgida, 1997;Corr & Jackson, 2001;Dougherty, Turban, Olson, Dwyer, & Lapreze, 1996;Gervasio & Ruckdeschel, 1992;Icenogle, Eagle, Ahmad, & Hanks, 2002;Loredo, Reid, & Deaux, 1995;Matsui, Kakuyama, Onglatco, & Ogutu, 1995;McKinney, 1992;Soloman & Williams, 1997;Tata, 1993;Terpstra & Baker, 1987;Williams, Brown, Lees-Haley, & Price, 1995). A smaller number of studies concern perceptions of harassment based on the victim's response to the perpetrator's harassing behavior (Henry & Meltzoff, 1998;Hurt et al, 1999;Jones & Remland, 1992;Jones et al, 1987;Remland & Jones, 1985;York, 1989). Whereas researchers have manipulated initial harassing behavior and victims' responses to those behaviors, investigations of perceptions of harassment based on the perpetrator's behavior immediately following the victim's resistance are lacking in the literature.…”