“…Some studies have used static/quasi static loading protocol (Owens et al, 2007a,b;Ferreira et al, 2008;Maher and Adams, 1995;and others); and others have tested the spinal stiffness using dynamic protocol (Nathan and Keller, 1994;Keller and Colloca, 2007;Herzog et al, 1993;Colloca et al, 2003;Colloca and Keller, 2001;Kawchuk and Fauvel, 2001;and others).…”