Sources, toxicity, and remediation of mercury: an essence review

Raj, Deep; Maiti, Subodh Kumar

doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7743-2

Cited by 124 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…A wide variety of Hg remediation technologies are available for different media (soil, water, air, waste), which could be categorized into main groups in terms of removal mechanism: physical, physio-chemical, chemical, and biological (Figure 3) [100]. Some of the techniques are established and thus have been used on contaminated sites for a long time, whereas others are still in the stage of development and testing.…”

Section: Remediation Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technology, depending on the material selection, can be applied for heavy metals removal from water, soil, and air; many studies reporting high adsorption values [101,102]. Another promising removal method seems to be phytoremediation of Hg from contaminated soils (via for instance, Brassica juncea (Indian mustard), Jatropha curcas, Polypogon monspeliensis (beard grass) [100]). It is found to be a safe, inexpensive, ecologically safe, and efficient demercuration method [103].…”

Section: Remediation Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mercury (Hg) Contaminated Sites in Kazakhstan: Review of Current Cases and Site Remediation Responses

Güney

Akimzhanova

Kumisbek

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Mercury (Hg) emissions from anthropogenic sources pose a global problem. In Central Asia, Kazakhstan’s central and northern regions are among the most severely Hg-contaminated territories. This is due to two former acetaldehyde (in Temirtau) and chlor-alkali (in Pavlodar) plants, discharges from which during the second half of the 20th century were estimated over 2000 tons of elemental Hg. However, the exact quantities of Hg released through atmospheric emissions to the environment, controlled discharges to the nearby aquatic systems, leakages in the cell plant, and contaminated sludge are still unknown. The present review is the initiation of a comprehensive field investigation study on the current state of these contaminated sites. It aims to provide a critical review of published literature on Hg in soils, sediments, water, and biota of the impacted ecosystems (Nura and Irtysh rivers, and Lake Balkyldak and their surrounding areas). It furthermore compares these contamination episodes with selected similar international cases as well as reviews and recommends demercuration efforts. The findings indicate that the contamination around the acetaldehyde plant site was significant and mainly localized with the majority of Hg deposited in topsoils and riverbanks within 25 km from the discharge point. In the chlor-alkali plant site, Lake Balkyldak in North Kazakhstan is the most seriously contaminated receptor. The local population of both regions might still be exposed to Hg due to fish consumption illegally caught from local rivers and reservoirs. Since the present field data is limited mainly to investigations conducted before 2010 and given the persisting contamination and nature of Hg, a recent up-to-date environmental assessment for both sites is highly needed, particularly around formerly detected hotspots. Due to incomplete site remediation efforts, recommendations given by several researchers for the territories of the former chlor-alkali and acetaldehyde plant site include ex-situ soil washing, soil pulping with gravitational separation, ultrasound and transgenic algae for sediments, and electrokinetic recovery for the former and removal and/or confinement of contaminated silt deposits and soils for the latter. However, their efficiency first needs to be validated. Findings and lessons from these sites will be useful not only on the local scale but also are valuable resources for the assessment and management of similar contaminated sites around the globe.

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Section: Remediation Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Remediation Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury (Hg) Contaminated Sites in Kazakhstan: Review of Current Cases and Site Remediation Responses

Güney

Akimzhanova

Kumisbek

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Furthermore, adverse effects on the kidney, the cardiovascular system and the immune system have been reported. [15][16][17][18] Lead (Pb) has major pathways, namely atmospheric dust, contaminated food and water, and, in the past, automobile emissions. Pb is readily absorbed in the lungs, but less e cient in the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Arsenic Cadmium Mercury and Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Toxic Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Two Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Areas in Zimbabwe

Rakete¹,

Moonga²,

Wahl³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: People living and working in ASGM areas are exposed to toxic metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). Whereas Hg is purposely used to extract the gold from the ore, the other toxic metals can be liberated from the ore during the mining process. These metals can contaminate drinking water and food and are thus, a source of exposure for people living in these mining areas. However, there is limited to no data about the exposure to toxic metals of people living in ASGM areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct biomonitoring of people identifying themselves as artisanal gold miners. Methods: Blood and urine were collected from 207 people living and working in two ASGM areas in Zimbabwe. Hg in whole blood and urine was analyzed by direct mercury analysis, Pb in blood as well as As and Cd in urine were analyzed by GF-AAS. The results were evaluated by descriptive analysis and correlated with the location, age, fish consumption, years living and working in the area. Results: Median As level in urine was 10.0 µg/l (range from below limit of detection to 460 µg/l). Median Cd level in urine was 0.3 µg/l (range from below limit of detection to 11.4 µg/l). Median Hg levels in blood / urine were 2.7 / 5.2 µg/l (range from 0.2 to 167 µg/l / 0.1 to 612 µg/l). Median Pb level in blood was 19.9 µg/l (range from 6.6 to 276 µg/l). As expected, the Hg levels were frequently above international reference values (e. g. NHANES, blood: 34%, urine: 69%). For Pb and Cd, a considerable number of participants (32% and 22% respectively) were above the reference values (NHANES / National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and for As 33% of the participants were above the reference value (UBA/ German Environment Agency). Conclusions: Hg levels were, as expected in ASGM areas, mainly above reference and threshold values. A high proportion of As, Cd and Pb levels were also above reference levels. Therefore, the exposure to toxic metals in the two ASGM areas in Zimbabwe is relevant for public health.

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“…Mercury manifests in the environment by anthropogenic emissions, ores and mineral deposits. [1] This makes it unusual compared to other toxic heavy metal ions like zinc, nickel, lead, copper, chromium, cadmium and arsenic. Bio-accumulation [2] of mercury in water bodies, soil [3] and seafood [4] causes toxicity and diseases like Minamata [5] that cause damage to the central nervous system and endocrine glands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Mercury Ions in Aqueous Medium and Urine Sample Using Thiocarbohydrazide Based Sensor

Kumar

Chhibber

2020

ChemistrySelect

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The identification and quantification of toxic Hg 2 + ions in biological fluids is significant due to its harmful effects. The ion is an exceptional contaminant due to its manifestation in the environment through anthropogenic emissions besides other industrial processes. The bioaccumulation of Hg 2 + ions through water bodies, soil and food causes damage to the central nervous system and endocrine glands. This work describes the synthesis of Compd-2 (Compound 2), a thiocarbohydrazidebased UV-active sensor, that can detect Hg 2 + and Cu 2 + ions in the aqueous medium (HEPES buffer (3 mM) /acetonitrile = 99 : 1, v/v). Compd-2 responds linearly to the varying concentrations of Hg 2 + with a minimum detection limit of 27 nM and a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. 1 H NMR titration with increasing Hg 2 + ion concentrations confirmed its interaction by shifting of the peak. In-silico modelling using Gaussian 16.0 and IR spectroscopy verified a single binding site for the Hg 2 + ions. Aqueous solubility of Compd-2 was used as an advantage to develop a methodology for the detection and quantification of Hg 2 + ions in the human urine sample. The work also demonstrates the nM quantification of Hg 2 + ions in the urine sample by the standard addition method.

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Sources, toxicity, and remediation of mercury: an essence review

Cited by 124 publications

References 152 publications

Mercury (Hg) Contaminated Sites in Kazakhstan: Review of Current Cases and Site Remediation Responses

Mercury (Hg) Contaminated Sites in Kazakhstan: Review of Current Cases and Site Remediation Responses

Exposure to Toxic Metals (As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in Two Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) Areas in Zimbabwe

Determination of Mercury Ions in Aqueous Medium and Urine Sample Using Thiocarbohydrazide Based Sensor

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