Sourcing the provenance of cannabis crops using inter-element association patterns ‘fingerprinting’ and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Multivariate classification based on chemical and stable isotopic profiles in sourcing the origin of marijuana samples seized in Brazil

“…These groups is subdivided in two branches, the first one composed by samples from MS (6), PA (18), MA (10), and Marijuana Polygon (16) and the second one formed by samples from Marijuana Polygon (15), with 2 samples from MA and one from PA.…”

“…About 45 elements were measured qualitatively in samples from Australia, and the most relevant ones to discriminate the different regions in the country were rare earth elements (REE), Au, Th, U e W. Some hydroponics Cannabis were also analyzed and their results are extremely concise with low dispersion rates. 16 Unlike inorganic profile, the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions in plants are strongly related to the climate, mainly water availability, other than temperature, light intensity and nutrients contents on the soil. [29][30][31][32] Although for significant differences the samples must have 6 proved the potentiality of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in the establishment of the potential regions of Cannabis productions in Brazil, clearly separating samples from humid and dry regions.…”

“…Although 100% of inflorescences samples were successfully classified, according to the author the methodology did not prove itself potentially viable in the analysis of real samples due to the complexity of the problem. 14 The use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), a more sensitive technique, allowed Watling 16 to analyze non-essential elements and micronutrients that are present in lower concentrations in plants. About 45 elements were measured qualitatively in samples from Australia, and the most relevant ones to discriminate the different regions in the country were rare earth elements (REE), Au, Th, U e W. Some hydroponics Cannabis were also analyzed and their results are extremely concise with low dispersion rates.…”

“…This fingerprint can be established using samples organic, [8][9][10][11] inorganic 6,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] or isotopic [20][21][22][23][24] profiles which are related to the plant growth conditions such as climatic conditions and elements availability in the soil. Although each one of these strategies provide very interesting and powerful results, the use of a set of variables independents from each other would be able to provides complementary information which could make it a distinct feature in the sourcing their origins.…”

Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): Comparison of Different Internal Standardization Methods Using Laser-induced Plasma (LIP) Emission and LA-ICP-MS Signals

“…Laser ablation (LA) coupled with ICP-AES (LA-ICP-AES) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] has become a popular method for the determination of trace elements in solid samples. There are numerous advantages of LA-ICP-AES/MS for direct solid sample analysis: for example, sample preparation is minimum, loss of volatile analytes is avoided, contamination from reagents is reduced and sample throughput is increased.…”