Sourdough Fermentation of Carob Flour and Its Application to Wheat Bread

Abstract

Research background. Carob is widely cultivated Mediterranean plant, but its flour is scarcely used in bread-making. Previous studies investigated the quality of wheat bread with added carob flour showing discrepant results. This study aimed to investigate the fermentation performance, antioxidant activity, rheological behaviour, and baking application of carob sourdough. Experimental approach. Carob sourdough was fermented with Lactobacillus brevis or Lactobacillus fermentum combined with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 24 h at 30 °C. At the end of sourdough fermentation number of viable lactic acid bacteria and yeast cells, titratable acidity, pH value, antioxidant activity, phenolics and sugar content of sourdough were determined. Carob flour (12 % of flour mass) or sourdough equivalent (22.5 % of dough mass) was applied in making composite partially baked frozen bread. Dough rheology was monitored using a farinograph. Rebaked bread samples were evaluated for nutritive value, physical properties, and sensory attributes using a hedonic test. Results and conclusions. By the end of fermentation, carob sourdough reached pH 4.2-4.5 and total acidity 9.9-12.3 mL of 0.1 M NaOH, sugar content was reduced for 8 g/100 g d.m, while total phenolics and antioxidant activity were increased up to 21 %, depending on the starter culture. Addition of carob flour or sourdough to wheat dough resulted in higher consistency, longer development time, and lower quality number. Regardless, bread with carob flour had significantly improved specific volume of bread. Compared with common wheat bread, carob breads had increased dietary fibre content (46 %), total phenolics (140-200 %) and antioxidant activity (240-300 %), higher shape, reduced crumbliness, unchanged firmness, and darker crumb colour. Consumers’ preference and overall acceptability scores of carob sour breads were comparable to those of wheat bread, falling into the category of “liking very much”. Novelty and scientific contribution. To our knowledge, this is the first study that proved the feasibility of carob sourdough fermentation using mixed starter cultures, where L. brevis associated with S. cerevisiae was better adapted to the substrate than L. fermentum. The carob sourdough could be used as a natural ingredient for improvement of nutritive value and reduction of crumbliness of partially baked frozen bread.

Development and optimization of gluten‐free biscuits with carob flour and dry apple pomace

“…According to Novotni et al. (2020), carob flour contains high content of dietary fibers (33.2 g/100 g), of which the insoluble part is 28.1 g/100 g (on dry basis). Microwave dried blanched apple pomace (MBAP) is characterized by an increased content of soluble dietary fibers (SDF) (11.15%), followed by the non‐blanched dried apple pomace (NBAP) (7.35%), rice flour (1.04%), and carob flour (0.7%).…”

“…Carob flour also exhibited the highest insoluble dietary fiber value (IDF) (32.11%) followed by non-microwave blanched apple pomace (26.52%) and then the microwave blanched pomace (14.25%). According to Novotni et al (2020), carob flour contains high content of dietary fibers (33.2 g/100 g), of which the insoluble part is 28.1 g/100 g (on dry basis). Microwave dried blanched apple pomace (MBAP) is characterized by an increased content of soluble dietary fibers (SDF) (11.15%), followed by the non-blanched dried apple pomace (NBAP) (7.35%), rice flour (1.04%), and carob flour (0.7%).…”

Effect of Argon as Filling Gas of the Storage Atmosphere on the Shelf-Life of Sourdough Bread—Case Study on PDO Tuscan Bread

“…The chemical composition and the technological features of flour ( Table 1 ) were determined according to the methods accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO): humidity [ 27 ]; ashes [ 28 ]; proteins [ 29 ]; total fats [ 30 ]; falling number [ 31 ]; wet gluten and gluten index [ 32 ]; dry gluten [ 33 ]; total dietary fiber and sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose) [ 34 ]; amylose and amylopectin [ 35 ]; total starch [ 36 ]; total polyphenols [ 37 ]; Chopin alveogram (W, P/L, P, L, G) [ 38 ]; Brabender farinogram (water absorption corrected to 14% humidity, dough time, stability, softening degree (E10: degree of softening after 10 min; E(ICC): softening degree 12 min, after max); and FQN: number of farinographic quality) [ 39 ].…”