Southeast Asian refugee resettlements in Japan and the USA

Abstract

Over the past 17 years we have conducted a number of research studies on a variety of resettlement issues facing Southeast Asian refugees in the United States; we have also served as consultants to several local refugee resettlement programs. In the summer of 1991 1 we had the opportunity to conduct a field study in Japan. We visited the International Refugee Assistance Center (IRAC) in Tokyo, meeting and discussing problems with government officials and social workers who were engaged in resettlement work with Southeast Asian refugees. Despite the fact that Japan and the US have the same objective for resettling refugees in their societies, namely, assimilation with self-sufficiency, we learned in this visit that Japan and the US have developed essentially different approaches to the resettlement: Japan uses an 'institutionalized approach' while the US uses an 'individualized' one. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the approaches used in Japan and the US in order to identify common as well as different issues involved in each approach and to identify the knowledge and skills needed to assist refugees. Although this paper focuses on Japan and the US, we assume that such knowledge would be equally or partially applicable to other countries which offer permanent resettlement of Southeast Asian refugees. BackgroundThe resettlement of Southeast Asian refugees has two unique charac-

Electron impact on K+: mechanisms for extreme ultraviolet emission

“…The ionization cross section can be extracted simply by summing the excitation cross section to all the continuum target states ψC i and ψ C i . This is shown in figures 5(a) and (b), and it agrees well with the experiment of Hirayama (1987).…”

“…Although we have pseudostates lying both below and above the ionization threshold, no attempt has been made here to vary the pseudo-orbital basis to examine its convergence. So we do not claim our calculated ionization cross section is anything other than a good estimate, as can be seen in figure 5 by comparison with the experiment of Hirayama (1987). Rather, we claim to have made a reasonable allowance for continuum effects to improve our calculation of excitation cross sections in the intermediate energy region.…”

“…An accurate calculation of the excitation of the potassium lines requires us also to consider the electron impact ionization cross section. Hirayama (1987) measured the ionization cross section for K + with good accuracy, so this provides an important benchmark for our calculation.…”

“…Figure5. Electron impact ionization cross section in cm 2 for K + : --, present results; ----, innershell contribution (a); lines labelled G and H in (b) are the partial wave contributions (with dashed lines from a 120-term calculation, see the text); experimental points byHirayama (1987).…”

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