Soviet mass violence in Estonia revisited

Mertelsmann, Olaf; Rahi-Tamm, Aigi

doi:10.1080/14623520903119001

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Total WWII population losses in Estonia were estimated among the highest proportion in Europe [ 18 ]. Altogether, out of a population of 1.1 million, ∼47 000 were arrested for political reasons and 35 000 were deported during the period of Stalinist repression [ 34 ]. The terror of the first Soviet year motivated ∼72 000 Estonians to flee to the west when the return of the Soviet regime became obvious.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second mass deportation took place in March 1949. Shortly afterwards, the establishment of collective farms (kolkhozes) was announced and the majority of peasants joined, fearing that they would be deported if they did not sign up [ 34 ]. With collectivization, output, productivity and the level of mechanization declined in Estonian agriculture, especially after 1951.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why did children grow so well at hard times? The ultimate importance of pathogen control during puberty

Hõrak

Valge

2015

EMPH

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Background and objectives: Secular increase in human height and performance occurred in Europe throughout the 20th century despite the temporally worsening access to nutrients during and after World War II. This pattern is paradoxical under the assumption of the major impact of pre- and postnatal growth conditions for determination of adult size and human capital.Methodology: We examined the anthropometric parameters of Estonian girls born between 1938 and 1953, and measured around the age of 17 (n = 1475). This period involved two opposite trends in the economic and epidemiological situation: increasing birth-time economic hardships during the war and particularly in the post-war period, and decreasing infant mortality (a proxy of disease burden) after 1947.Results: Height of girls was negatively affected by the number of siblings and positively by parental socioeconomic position, but these effects were weaker than the secular trend. Leg length (an indicator of pre-pubertal growth conditions) was independent of age and birth date while all other traits, including measures of performance (cranial volume, lung capacity and handgrip strength) showed acceleration. The best predictor of size at age 17 was, in most cases, infant mortality in the year when the girls were aged 11.Conclusions and implications: Reduction of disease burden during pubertal growth can override effects of resource shortage at birth. Our results also support the idea that increasing efficiency of pathogen control can contribute to the secular increase in cognitive abilities, i.e. the Flynn effect, and that epidemiological transition is the main driver of secular increase in human capital.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why did children grow so well at hard times? The ultimate importance of pathogen control during puberty

Hõrak

Valge

2015

EMPH

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“…28 The mortality rates among deportees were high; in Estonia's case, for instance, it was an estimated 60 per cent. 29 Following the German occupation, the Soviet-reoccupation, and the war's conclusion in 1945, centralisation followed for the Baltic SSRs. On paper, they functioned as federative republics with the right to secession.…”

Section: Baltic Independence and Subjugationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endorsing Annexation? The Whitlam Government's De Jure Recognition of the Soviet Baltic States

Seeberg‐Gordon

2023

Aus J of Politics History

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In August 1974, the Australian Labor Party Government under Prime Minister Gough Whitlam announced it had recognised the incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union de jure. Historical writing around this diplomatic recognition is scarce and sheds little light on why the policy was enacted. Using previously unavailable archival evidence, as well as other sources including testimony from Government and public service workers, this article demonstrates that the recognition was induced primarily by Whitlam, the Department of Foreign Affairs, and Sir James Plimsoll, Australia's ambassador to the Soviet Union. These actors were motivated by varying considerations. These included an adherence to realist foreign policy principles, concerns regarding Australian–Soviet bi‐lateral relations, convictions around the legitimacy of Baltic self‐determination, and ethnic prejudice against Australians of Baltic descent.

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“…It means that the explaining indicator originated merely in 21.43 percent of the cases. It emerged in all the states with the placid cultures of political violence, that is, in Estonia, the colonial period finished in 1991 (Mertelsmann and Rahi-Tamm 2009) and 1989 in Slovakia (Myant 1992). Furthermore, in both cases, it took the form of Soviet colonialism, the occupation of the territories that later developed into a colonial rule (Annus 2012).…”

Section: Intrastate Regional and Colonial Explaining Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theorizing Cultures of Political Violence in Times of Austerity

Rak¹

2018

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Why did some protest movements turn to force when others did not in times of austerity? How has it influenced political structures of the Eurozone states? In this empirically rich, methodologically advanced, and theoretically innovative book, Joanna Rak open-mindedly addresses important research problems of the sources and consequences of differences and similarities across cultures of political violence formed by the post-2008 anti-austerity movements in Europe. Not only does Rak's study contribute to our understanding of what happened in austerity-driven societies, but it also makes an important contribution to the Social Sciences by creating and applying a compelling non-traditional research design that allows a researcher to verify methodological correctness and analytical effectiveness of theoretical frameworks. Those who are interested in how to analyze contentious politics now have an excellent work to read!' Roman Bäcker, The former President of Polish Political Science Association 'Joanna Rak has written an admirably clear, rigorously designed and conducted comparative study of European anti-austerity movements. This book does more than challenge the students of contention to think critically about conceptual and explanatory frameworks of cultures of political violence. By formulating and testing new analytical tools, the study pushes us to reconsider a traditional research process and the use of theoretical categories in comparative politics and social movement studies.' Adam Wielomski, The President of Political and Legal Theory Association 'This timely and innovative research allows us to understand how broad civil historical contexts shaped placid, hector-led, and militant cultures of political violence in austerity-driven Europe. Drawing upon the pieces of data in 14 languages and a comprehensive literature review, Joanna Rak creates entirely new databases for anti-austerity movements. In skillfully combining qualitative and quantitative comparative techniques, she achieves both theory-verification and theory-generation aims. The analysis makes significant methodological and theoretical advances as Rak devises a gradable theoretical category of a culture of political violence. Her original theoretical framework introduces a refreshingly new way to bring together accomplishments in the study of contentious politics and history. Rak paves the way for further research and discussion about a nature of contemporary cultures of political violence.'

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Soviet mass violence in Estonia revisited

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Why did children grow so well at hard times? The ultimate importance of pathogen control during puberty

Why did children grow so well at hard times? The ultimate importance of pathogen control during puberty

Endorsing Annexation? The Whitlam Government's De Jure Recognition of the Soviet Baltic States

Theorizing Cultures of Political Violence in Times of Austerity

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