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This historiographical review focuses on the complex interactions between Nazi Germany, local populations, and east European Jews during the Holocaust. Braving fierce historical revisionism in eastern Europe and the Baltic states, recent studies have shifted the spotlight from Germans to Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Lithuanians, and other ethnicities. As a result, the analytic categories with which most historians still work – notably ‘perpetrator/victim/bystander’ and ‘collaboration/resistance’ – have outlived their usefulness. A more complex picture of the Nazi-occupied territories in eastern Europe has emerged and now awaits new theoretical frameworks. This article argues that past paradigms blinded scholars to a range of groups lost in the cracks and to behaviours remaining outside the political sphere. Through four criteria that shed light on the social history of the Holocaust in eastern Europe, it draws connections between central and east European, German, Jewish, and Soviet histories, in order to engage with other fields and disciplines that examine modern mass violence and genocide. As Holocaust studies stands at a crossroads, only a transnational history including all ethnicities and deeper continuities, both temporal and geographical, will enhance our knowledge of how social relations shaped the very evolution of the Holocaust.
This historiographical review focuses on the complex interactions between Nazi Germany, local populations, and east European Jews during the Holocaust. Braving fierce historical revisionism in eastern Europe and the Baltic states, recent studies have shifted the spotlight from Germans to Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Lithuanians, and other ethnicities. As a result, the analytic categories with which most historians still work – notably ‘perpetrator/victim/bystander’ and ‘collaboration/resistance’ – have outlived their usefulness. A more complex picture of the Nazi-occupied territories in eastern Europe has emerged and now awaits new theoretical frameworks. This article argues that past paradigms blinded scholars to a range of groups lost in the cracks and to behaviours remaining outside the political sphere. Through four criteria that shed light on the social history of the Holocaust in eastern Europe, it draws connections between central and east European, German, Jewish, and Soviet histories, in order to engage with other fields and disciplines that examine modern mass violence and genocide. As Holocaust studies stands at a crossroads, only a transnational history including all ethnicities and deeper continuities, both temporal and geographical, will enhance our knowledge of how social relations shaped the very evolution of the Holocaust.
Izhorians: A disappearing ethnic group indigenous to the Leningrad regionThere is no body of research focusing specifically on Izhorians, a Finno-Ugrian minority group indigenous to the Leningrad region. Information about them is usually embedded in wider studies investigating Finnic minorities living at the intersection of Russia, Estonia and Finland. Consequently, it is fragmented, disjointed and marginalised, and available almost only in Russian, Estonian or Finnish. However, the most recent report on the state of the Izhorian language (which is part of a general study of Finnic minority languages in Russia) is available in English. Even though information about Izhorians lacks unity and cohesion, all researchers share the same concern, namely that Izhorians are disappearing as a distinct ethnic group. This concern manifests itself as a tendency to follow the dynamics of the Izhorian population, paying special attention to statistical data. Accordingly, this paper begins with a presentation of those data as a feature that connects all available research and proceeds to a commentary clarifying the reasons for the decline of this ethnic group. It also evaluates the current state of the Izhorian language. This review article presents a concise overview of selected research findings related to various issues concerning the study of Izhorians, including works by A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin and A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus and M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ and E. B. Markus (2013); and V. I. Mirenkov (2000). Iżorowie – zanikająca rdzenna grupa etniczna w regionie leningradzkimJak dotąd, nie ma literatury badawczej skupiającej się na Iżorach, rdzennej ugrofińskiej grupie etnicznej żyjącej w regionie leningradzkim. Informacje na ich temat zwykle stanowią część szerszych prac dotyczących mniejszości bałtofińskich na pograniczu Rosji, Estonii i Finlandii, są zatem fragmentaryczne, rozproszone, zmarginalizowane i dostępne niemal wyłącznie w językach rosyjskim, estońskim lub fińskim. Najnowsze studium dotyczące stanu języka iżorskiego (stanowiące część ogólnego opracowania na temat bałtofińskich mniejszości językowych w Rosji) jest dostępne w języku angielskim. Pomimo tego, że badania dotyczące Iżorów cechuje brak spójności, wszyscy badacze podzielają obawę o ich przetrwanie jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej, co przejawia się w tendencji do śledzenia dynamiki populacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem danych statystycznych. Autorka wychodzi od przedstawienia tych danych jako elementu łączącego wszystkie dostępne badania i omawia przyczyny zanikania Iżorów jako odrębnej grupy etnicznej. Artykuł przedstawia również ocenę obecnego stanu języka iżorskiego. Zawiera też zwięzły przegląd wyników wybranych badań dotyczących Iżorów i omawia prace takich autorów jak: A. I. Kir′ianen, A. V. Labudin i A. A. Samodurov (2017); A. I. Kir′ianen (2016); N. Kuznetsova, E. Markus i M. Muslimov (2015); M. Muslimov (2005); A. P. Chush′′ialova (2010); F. I. Rozhanskiĭ i E. B. Markus (2013); V. I. Mirenkov (2000).
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