Soybean Goiter

Shepard, Thomas H.; Pyne, Gordon E.; Kirschvink, Joseph F.; McLean, Malcom

doi:10.1056/nejm196006022622201

Cited by 84 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Moreover, in North America as many as 25% of infant formulas are based on soy protein [87]; children receive up to 11 mg/kg of soy per day compared with 1 mg/kg in adults increasing the risk of hypothyroidism in newborns [87][88][89]. Flavonoid aglycones resulting from intestinal digestion are rapidly and readily absorbed [90] increasing the likelihood of development of antithyroid effects and goiter in infants receiving soy-based formulas as milk substitute [91][92][93][94][95][96][97]. It has been postulated that the fermentation of soybeans commonly used in China and the Orient could decrease some of its antithyroid effects [98].…”

Section: Polyphenols and Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism: Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents

Román

2007

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

136

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Section: Polyphenols and Flavonoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism: Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents

Román

2007

Journal of the Neurological Sciences

136

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“…The negative interaction of low dietary iodine and soy is demonstrated by the finding of Kimura et al that thyroid carcinoma appeared in rats fed an iodine-deficient diet consisting of 30% defatted soy (14). In humans, goiter has been seen in infants fed soy formula; this is usually reversed by changing to cow milk or iodine-supplemented diets (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). After the 1960s, manufacturers reportedly began adding iodine to formulas to mitigate thyroid effects.…”

Section: Endocrine Disruptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the mechanism of this iodide effect is unknown, a significant literature supports this concept (10,14,46,47). In humans, early findings showed that goiter in infants fed soy formula was reversed upon supplementation with iodine (17). Progression to a hypothyroid state may also be aided by biochemical impairment of hormone synthesis and metabolism, and/or exposure to environmental goitrogens, for example, sulfonamides, glucosinolates, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids (48), and persistent halogenated aromatic compounds.…”

Section: Possible Effects Of Soy On Human Thyroid Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones.

Doerge

Sheehan

2002

Environ Health Perspect

252

136

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Soy is known to produce estrogenic isoflavones. Here, we briefly review the evidence for binding of isoflavones to the estrogen receptor, in vivo estrogenicity and developmental toxicity, and estrogen developmental carcinogenesis in rats. Genistein, the major soy isoflavone, also has a frank estrogenic effect in women. We then focus on evidence from animal and human studies suggesting a link between soy consumption and goiter, an activity independent of estrogenicity. Iodine deficiency greatly increases soy antithyroid effects, whereas iodine supplementation is protective. Thus, soy effects on the thyroid involve the critical relationship between iodine status and thyroid function. In rats consuming genistein-fortified diets, genistein was measured in the thyroid at levels that produced dose-dependent and significant inactivation of rat and human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in vitro. Furthermore, rat TPO activity was dose-dependently reduced by up to 80%. Although these effects are clear and reproducible, other measures of thyroid function in vivo (serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone; thyroid weight; and thyroid histopathology) were all normal. Additional factors appear necessary for soy to cause overt thyroid toxicity. These clearly include iodine deficiency but may also include additional soy components, other defects of hormone synthesis, or additional goitrogenic dietary factors. Although safety testing of natural products, including soy products, is not required, the possibility that widely consumed soy products may cause harm in the human population via either or both estrogenic and goitrogenic activities is of concern. Rigorous, high-quality experimental and human research into soy toxicity is the best way to address these concerns. Similar studies in wildlife populations are also appropriate.

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“…Eating large quantities of cabbage, a source of glucosinolates, can lead to hypothyroidism and in extreme cases even coma (Chu and Seltzer, 2010;Dolan et al, 2010). Moreover, infants fed soy formulae, which are rich in flavonoids, can develop soybean goitre (Shepard et al, 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and rapid in vitro assay for detecting human thyroid peroxidase disruption

Jomaa

Haan

Peijnenburg

et al. 2015

ALTEX

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SummaryA simple and rapid luminometric assay for the detection of chemical inhibitors of human thyroid peroxidase (hTPO) activity was developed and validated with 10 model compounds. hTPO was derived from the human thyroid follicular cell line Nthy-ori 3-1 and its activity was quantified by measuring the oxidation of luminol in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which results in emission of light at 428 nm. In this assay, hTPO activity was shown to be inhibited by 5 known TPO inhibitors and not inhibited by 5 non-inhibitors. Similar results were obtained with porcine TPO (pTPO). The inhibition of hTPO by the model compounds was also tested with guaiacol and Ampliflu Red as alternative indicator substrates. While all substrates allowed the detection of pTPO activity and its inhibition, only the Ampliflu Red and luminol-based methods were sensitive enough to allow the quantification of hTPO activity from Nthy-ori 3-1 cell lysates. Moreover, luminol gave results with a narrower 95% confidence interval and therefore more reliable data. Whole extracts of fast-growing Nthy-ori 3-1 cells circumvent the need for animal-derived thyroid organs, thereby reducing costs, eliminating potential contamination and providing the possibility to study human instead of porcine TPO. Overall, the application of luminol and Nthy-ori 3-1 cell lysate for the detection of the disruption of hTPO activity was found to represent a valuable in vitro alternative and a possible candidate for inclusion within a high throughput integrated testing strategy for the detection of compounds that potentially interfere with normal thyroid function in vivo.

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Soybean Goiter

Cited by 84 publications

References 10 publications

Autism: Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents

Autism: Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents

Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones.

Simple and rapid in vitro assay for detecting human thyroid peroxidase disruption

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