Soybean oil transesterification over zinc oxide modified with alkali earth metals

Yang, Zenan; Xie, Wenlei

doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.02.006

Cited by 234 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The promoter effect of LiNO 3 has been observed in a sample activated at 773 K. At activation temperatures between 773 and 973 K, an intermediate situation will be expected. Yang and Xie (2007) showed that the strontium metaldoped ZnO, which was prepared by an impregnation method followed by calcination at a higher temperature, can be used as a catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. The loading amount of 2.5 mmol Sr(NO 3 ) 2 /g on ZnO and calcination at 873 K for 5 h was found to be the conditions for preparing the optimum catalyst, which could exhibit the highest basicity and the best catalytic activity.…”

Section: Impregnation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MgO-La 2 O 3 and CaO-La 2 O 3 complexes were also investigated as transesterification catalysts (Yan et al, 2009a(Yan et al, , 2009bBabu et al, 2008), they both showed high activity on biodiesel production, but CaO-La 2 O 3 deactivated rapidly when exposed to air. Yang and Xie (2007) compared the catalyst performance of alkali earth metals loaded on different catalyst supports for soybean oil conversion to biodiesel and discovered a correlation between loading amount of catalyst precursor on support and the conversion of oil. They also found that the catalyst performance is depending upon concentration of basic sites on the surface of the catalyst.Supporting of the alkali metal compound on a large surface area is an interesting option for decreasing the amount of catalyst required to still obtain a similar level of catalytic activity.…”

Section: Catalyst Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts

Refaat

2010

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

263

158

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Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures due to its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. Heterogeneous transesterification is considered to be a green process. The process requires neither catalyst recovery nor aqueous treatment steps and very high yields of methyl esters can be obtained, close to the theoretical value. However, heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification generally requires more severe operating conditions, and the performance of heterogeneous catalysts is generally lower than that of the commonly used homogeneous catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysis for biodiesel production has been extensively investigated in the last few years. Many metal oxides have been studied for the transesterification process of oils; these include alkali earth metal oxides, transition metal oxides, mixed metal oxides and supported metal oxides. The use of solid metal oxides as catalysts in oil transesterification is well established, accordingly, researchers' attempts are now focused on how to attain the highest catalyst activity. Catalyst activity is a function of its specific surface area, base strength and base site concentration. High specific surface area, strong base strength and high concentration of base sites are characteristics of an active transesterification catalyst. This review provides a brief overview of the different metal oxides frequently used in the process of transesterification of oils for the production of biodiesel with special reference to the various methods of catalyst preparation and catalyst characterization. Reaction conditions and catalyst leaching analysis are also highlighted. Finally, concluding remarks regarding catalyst selection and catalyst preparation steps are provided.

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Section: Impregnation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalyst Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production using solid metal oxide catalysts

Refaat

2010

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

263

158

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“…Other advantages of biodiesel as compared to petro-diesel include reduction of most exhaust emissions, biodegradability, higher flash point, inherent lubricity [2]. Moreover, Production of biodiesel from animal fats is less expensive than traditional methods like extraction of biodiesel from trans-esterification of soyabean oil [3], [4], jatropha, vegetable oils, waste cooking oils [5], [6] etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Nickel Nanoparticles from Electroplating Waste and Their Application in Production of Bio-diesel from Biowaste

Sharma¹,

Desnavi²,

Dixit³

et al. 2015

IJCEA

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Abstract-Electroplating waste samples were collected from various nearby industries in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (India), a prominent place for these industries and it was found that the concentrations of Cr +6 , Ni +2 , Cu +2 and Zn +2 ions were much more than the permissible norms of discharge which causes serious damage to the environment. To cater this issue, these heavy metal ions were extracted from the sample and then converted to their respective oxide nanoparticles by chemical precipitation and sol-gel methods respectively. And then, these nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR and XRD techniques. Also one of the major wastes produced in India is the butchery waste which causes severe health problems and is aesthetically unpleasant. This paper mainly focuses on the production of biodiesel from butchery waste by a new pathway utilizing heterogeneous nano-catalysts of Nickel(Ni +2 ) (extracted from electroplating waste) for the process of trans-esterification, which produces biodiesel which are mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids (FAME-Fatty Acid Methyl Esters).

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“…Heterogeneous catalysts have great advantages over homogeneous catalystsas it requires easier catalyst operation andseparation, reuse and regenerate thus lowering the cost of production. Alkali metal oxides and derivatives [5,6], alkaline earth metal oxides and derivatives [7,8,9,10], transition metal oxides and derivatives [11,12], mixed metal oxides and derivatives [13][14][15][16][17], ion exchange resins type acid heterogeneous catalyst [18,19],carbon based heterogeneous catalysts [20,21], waste material based heterogeneous catalysts [22,23], enzyme based heterogeneous catalyst [24] were reported in the recent years and their uses in laboratory scale biodiesel production. But most heterogeneous catalyst has limitations such as they require high reaction time, high reaction temperature and low catalytic stability which gives low yield of product due to slow reaction rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%