Soybean Yield and Nutritional Status Response to Nitrogen Sources and Rates of Foliar Fertilization

Abstract

Core Ideas In high‐yielding conditions, biological nitrogen fixation and soil total N may not be sufficient to sustain N uptake rates during soybean seed‐filling period to meet the seed N demand required to reach the maximum attainable seed yield. Foliar N fertilization in R3 to R4 growth stages may be used to increase N supply during the final reproductive cycle of plant. The importance on nutrients application, in special N, in crop production has increased in recent years in tropical and subtropical conditions in Brazil because of intensive cultivation (soybean–wheat, soybean–corn, and soybean–cotton), use of high yielding cultivars, and increasing the cost of production. Nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and rates (0, 5, and 10 kg ha−1) have different responses and efficiency index in seed yield, when N foliar applied on soybean leaves at the R3 to R4 growth stages. The response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar N application during pod formation has been inconsistent. The objective of this study over three growing seasons was to evaluate the effects of foliar N sources and rates of application on yield, nutritional status, and yield components of soybean. The treatments consisted of five sources [NO3NH4, CaNO3, KNO3, urea‐[CO(NH2)2], and (NH4)2SO4], two N rates (5 and 10 kg N ha−1), applied at the beginning pod growth stage, and a control (no‐N fertilization). Foliar N generally increased the seed yield, irrespective of the N source and analysis pooled over three growing seasons showed an average seed yield increase of 5.0% (211 kg ha−1) and 6.1% (259 kg ha−1) for the 5 and 10 kg N ha−1 over control, respectively. Neither N rate nor source affected seed size, protein, oil, and nutritional status of leaves or seed. Nitrogen rate affected N use efficiency, but results varied with N sources. These data suggest that foliar N application may increase yield of soybean under certain environmental conditions.

Grain yield, efficiency and the allocation of foliar N applied to soybean canopies

“…Previously reported in the literature, Troedson et al (1989) and Haq and Mallarino (2000) showed that foliar N fertilization effects on grain yield were usually insignificant. Recently, despite high grain yields (> 4.2 Mg ha -1 ), Saturno et al (2017) and Moreira et al (2017) have found similar results to those in this study using foliar N rates ranging from 5-20 kg ha -1 and 5-10 kg ha -1 , respectively. For the same studies, only one out of five year sites had significant, but small, grain yield gains (~0.14 Mg ha -1 ).…”

Oil and protein content in the grain of soybean cultivars at different sowing seasons

“…The average of the environments for the characteristic oil yield had significant differences between them and ranged from 656 to 893 kg ha -1 , values different from those found by Barbosa et al (2011), ranging from 327 to 900 kg ha -1 and below those obtained by Moreira et al (2017), which ranged from 948 to 962 kg ha -1 . In the areas of Porto Nacional and Santa Rosa, sowing in the first season (11/03 and 11/15) presented the highest averages in oil yield than in the second season (11/17 and 12/5).…”

Nitrogen Sources and Rates Affect Soybean Seed Composition in Mississippi

“…Previous studies have shown that protein and oil concentrations were negatively correlated resulting in the opposite trend for soybean seed protein and oil concentration in response to N applications in our study on clay soil [16]. In agreement with our results, multiple studies have also reported inconsistent responses of soybean seed protein and oil content to N applications [10,15,16,[39][40][41][42]. In Arkansas, 112 kg N ha −1 when applied at the R2 growth stage in soybeans caused no changes in seed protein and oil concentration compared to unfertilized soybeans on silt loam soil [40].…”