Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integrated Networks: Modeling and Coverage Analysis

Xu, Jiajie; Kishk, Mustafa A.; Alouini, Mohamed‐Slim

doi:10.1109/twc.2023.3241341

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…With the exploration of undersea resources and the development of underwater technologies, short or medium-range underwater acoustic communication (UWAC) methods and algorithms have been extended to achieve good performance [1]- [4]. Some technologies used in the terrestrial network can also be used in the underwater network to solve relative problems [5]- [8].…”

Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Hop Underwater Wireless Communications: A Novel Relay Deployment Technique

Kishk

Zhang

et al. 2023

IEEE Internet Things J.

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Underwater long-distance wireless communication (ULWC) is a critical challenge in many applications, such as marine environmental monitoring, underwater remote control, and underwater navigation, to name a few. However, very little literature focuses on ULWC, especially where the communication distance ups to thousands of kilometers, which is urgently required in the underwater Internet of Things (UIoT) in the large-scale and deep sea. In this paper, to improve the underwater communication capacity at a level of thousands of kilometers, we propose a three-hop underwater wireless acoustic communication (3H-UWAC) structure based on the Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel. The proposed 3H-UWAC consists of transmitters, relay stations (RSs), and receivers. Different from the existing ULWC, 3H-ULWC can improve energy efficiency with a small vertical directivity angle (VDA). Due to the characteristics of UWAC, the straight-line communication link can be realized in the proposed three hops, and the communication distance can be increased to thousands of kilometers. Respecting the randomness of underwater devices, tools from stochastic geometry are used to model the spatial distributions of transmitters', receivers', and RSs' locations. RSs are set on the SOFAR channel at a known depth. In the first hop, the transmitter sends information to the nearest first relay station (NFRS) on the SOFAR plane. In the second hop, the NFRS sends information to the nearest relay station, which is called the nearest second relay station (NSRS), to the receiver on the SOFAR plane. In the third hop, SNFS sends information to the receiver. All three communication hops can be achieved with a narrow beam width, where the energy efficiency is improved critically. With given densities of transmitters, RSs, and receivers, the coverage probabilities (CPs) of the three hops (transmitter to FRS, FRS to SRS, and SRS to receiver) are analyzed, and the final CP from a transmitter to a receiver through the 3H link is derived. Insights about the effects of VDAs at the transmitters, FNRS, and SNRS, as well as the depths of transmitters and receivers, are revealed. A rapid optimization method is proposed based on the analytical results. The accuracy of the analysis is verified by Monte-Carlo simulations.

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Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Hop Underwater Wireless Communications: A Novel Relay Deployment Technique

Kishk

Zhang

et al. 2023

IEEE Internet Things J.

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“…Furthermore, the protocol must address challenges such as low communication link quality, high communication link time overhead, and the network expense incurred due to floodbased broadcast route request packets. Therefore, a rational research approach for communication networking within the ground network layer is crucial in overcoming these challenges [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routing Networking Technology Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network

Nie,

Chen,

Wang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Space-Air-Ground Integrated networks comprise a multi-level heterogeneous integrated network that combines satellite-based, aerial, and terrestrial networks. With the increasing human exploration of space and growing demands for internet applications, Space-Air-Ground Integrated networks have gradually emerged as the direction for communication network development. These networks face various challenges such as extensive coverage, diverse communication node types, low-quality communication links, and simultaneous operation of multiple network protocols. However, the rapid development and widespread application of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in recent years have offered new perspectives and solutions for the communication architecture and routing algorithm research within Space-Air-Ground Integrated networks. In these networks, not all nodes can typically communicate directly with satellites; instead, a specific set of specialized communication nodes facilitates data communication between aerial and satellite networks due to their superior communication capabilities. Consequently, in contrast to traditional communication architectures, Space-Air-Ground Integrated networks, particularly in the terrestrial layer, often need to address challenges related to the diversity of communication node types and low-quality communication links. A well-designed routing approach becomes crucial in addressing these issues. Therefore, this paper proposes an AODV routing network protocol based on an Improved Ant Colony Algorithm (AC-AODV), specifically designed for the terrestrial layer within the Space-Air-Ground Integrated networks. By integrating information such as the type, energy, and location of communication nodes, this protocol aims to facilitate network communication. The objective is to guide information flow through nodes that are more suitable for communication, either by relaying communication or by connecting with satellites through specialized nodes. This approach alleviates the burden on ordinary nodes within the terrestrial communication network, thereby enhancing the overall network performance. In this protocol, specialized nodes hold a higher forwarding priority than regular nodes. When a source node needs to transmit data, it enters the route discovery phase, utilizing its own type, location, and energy information as heuristic data to calculate forwarding probabilities. Subsequently, it broadcasts route request (RREQ) messages to find the path. Upon receiving the RREQ message, the destination node sends an RREP message for updating information elements and selects the optimal path based on these information elements. Compared to AODV, AC-AODV shows significant improvements in performance metrics such as transmission latency, throughput, energy conversion rate, and packet loss rate.

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“…They propose several solutions to ensure efficient and reliable data transmission in this context. Xu et al [23] demonstrated practical scenarios with a random distribution of sea stations (SSs). They model the channel using the point-to-area model, the Rician model, and the Shadowed-Rician model.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet of Underwater Things: A Survey on Simulation Tools and 5G-Based Underwater Networks

Nkenyereye,

Ndibanje

2024

Electronics

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The term “Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT)” refers to a network of intelligent interconnected underwater devices designed to monitor various underwater activities. The IoUT allows for a network of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to communicate with each other, sense their surroundings, collect data, and transmit them to control centers on the surface at typical Internet speeds. These data serve as a valuable resource for various tasks, including conducting crash surveys, discovering shipwrecks, detecting early signs of tsunamis, monitoring animal health, obtaining real-time aquatic information, and conducting archaeological expeditions. This paper introduces an additional set of alternative simulation tools for underwater networks. We categorize these tools into open-source and licensed simulator options and recommend that students consider using open-source simulators for monitoring underwater networks. There has not been widespread deployment or extensive research on underwater 5G-based networks. However, simulation tools provide some general insights into the challenges and potential issues associated with evaluating such networks, based on the characteristics of underwater communication and 5G, by surveying 5G-based underwater networks and 5G key aspects addressed by the research community in underwater network systems. Through an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the architecture of both Internet of Underwater application-assisted AUVs and Internet of Underwater Things communications in the 5G-based system.

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Space-Air-Ground-Sea Integrated Networks: Modeling and Coverage Analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 43 publications

Three-Hop Underwater Wireless Communications: A Novel Relay Deployment Technique

Three-Hop Underwater Wireless Communications: A Novel Relay Deployment Technique

Routing Networking Technology Based on Improved Ant Colony Algorithm in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network

Internet of Underwater Things: A Survey on Simulation Tools and 5G-Based Underwater Networks

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