Space in the Study of Labor Markets

Fernández, Roberto; Su, Celina

doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100034

Cited by 134 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…4 These measures did not significantly alter results or improve model fit, so we do not present them in the main analyses (but they are available upon request). Summary statistics and pairwise correlations are presented below.In analyses not presented here but available upon request we determined whether projects founded by women attract female backers from further distances thus overcoming constraints imposed by space (see generally Fernandez and Su, 2004). The model provides weak evidence contrary to this possibility.…”

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confidence: 99%

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"Leaning In or Leaning On? Gender, Homophily, and Activism in Crowdfunding"

Greenberg¹,

Mollick

2015

AMPROC

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Female founders seek and receive less startup capital than male entrepreneurs. One reason for this disparity is a lack of female representation among funders of startups, and a potential solution is to increase the proportion of women in decision-making roles. Both the problem and the solution implicitly rely on homophily -that women will support other women given a chance. However, a lack of clarity over when and how homophily influences individual choices makes it uncertain when better representation is actually advantageous. Using data from crowdfunding, we empirically examine whether higher proportions of female funders lead to higher success rates in capital-raising for women. We find that women outperform men, and are more likely to succeed at a crowdfunding campaign, all other things being equal. Surprisingly, this effect primarily holds for female founders proposing technological projects, a category that is largely dominated by male founders and funders. This finding stands in stark contrast to expectations concerning homophily. A laboratory experiment helps explain how this pattern might emerge and allows us to theorize about the types of choice homophily driving results. We find that a small proportion of female backers disproportionately support women-led projects in areas where women are historically underrepresented. This suggests an activist variant of choice homophily, and implies that mere representation of female funders without activism may not always be enough to overcome the barriers faced by female founders. Keywords: Sociology, homophily; crowdfunding, maker-movement *Authorship is alphabetical; both authors contributed equally in developing this paper. For useful advice we would like to thank: Matthew Bidwell, Martine Haas, Gavin Kilduff, Nathan Pettit, Lisa Leslie, Cat Turco, Ezra Zuckerman, and seminar participants at MIT, NYU, Stanford GSB, and Wharton. Funding was generously provided by the Kauffman Foundation. All the standard disclaimers apply. 2Leaning In or Leaning On? Gender, Homophily, and Activism in Crowdfunding ABSTRACT Female founders seek and receive less startup capital. One reason for this disparity is a lack of female representation among funders of startups, and a potential solution is to increase the proportion of women in decision-making roles. Both problem and solution presuppose homophily -that women will support other women given a chance. However, a lack of clarity over when and how homophily influences individual choices makes it uncertain when better representation is advantageous. Using data from crowdfunding, we empirically examine whether higher proportions of female funders lead to higher success rates in capital-raising for women. We find that women outperform men. Surprisingly, this effect primarily holds for female founders proposing technological projects, a category that is largely dominated by male founders and funders. This finding stands in stark contrast to expectations concerning homophily. A laboratory experiment helps explain how this pat...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In analyses not presented here but available upon request we determined whether projects founded by women attract female backers from further distances thus overcoming constraints imposed by space (see generally Fernandez and Su, 2004). The model provides weak evidence contrary to this possibility.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

"Leaning In or Leaning On? Gender, Homophily, and Activism in Crowdfunding"

Greenberg¹,

Mollick

2015

AMPROC

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“…5 If s=1, indicating no net supply-side biases, then the 4 We admit, an over-simplification. Firms influence the composition of applicants through advertisements (e.g., Gorman 2005) and location (Fernandez & Su 2004) among other mechanisms. The composition of non-referral external applicants represents an upper bound for the net effects of supply-side biases (Fernandez & Sosa 2005).…”

Section: Interactions With Supply-side Effects: Biases In Who Appliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tipping Points: The Gender Segregating and Desegregating Effects of Network Recruitment

Rubineau

Fernández²

2015

Organization Science

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Current scholarship commonly posits that network recruitment contributes to job sex segregation, and that the segregated nature of personal contact networks explains this effect. A variety of empirical findings inconsistent with this explanation demonstrate its inadequacy. Building upon Kanter's observation that recruitment processes often resemble "homosocial reproduction," we develop a population dynamics model of network recruitment. The resulting formal model builds a parsimonious theory regarding the segregating effects of network recruitment resolving the puzzles and inconsistencies revealed by recent empirical findings.This revised theory also challenges conventional understandings of how network recruitment segregates: in isolation, network recruitment -even with segregated networks -is more likely to desegregate rather than segregate. Network recruitment segregates primarily through its interactions with other supply-side (e.g., gendered self-sorting) or demand-side (e.g., gendered referring rates) biasing mechanisms. Our model reveals whether and to what extent network recruitment segregates or desegregates, and reveals opportunities for organizational intervention. There is an easily-calculable tipping point where demand-side factors such as gender differences in referring can counteract and neutralize other segregating effects from referring.Independent of other personnel practices, organizational policies affecting employees' referring behaviors can tip the balance to determine whether network recruitment serves as a segregating or desegregating force. We ground our model empirically using 3 organizational cases.

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“…Kilkenny and Huffman (2003) found that there was no significant statistical difference between the city and rural poor with respect to work. One legacy of apartheid in Namibia is that rural areas are far from where the jobs are in urban areas and this affects the labour force participation rates of women.With regard to geography it is argued that labor markets are often localized and women choose to work closer to home than commute long distances for jobs (Fernandez & Su, 2004). Women in female-segregated jobs seem to work even closer to home than other women (Fernandez & Su, 2004).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Namibia’s Workforce: Evidence from the 2009/10 Namibia Households Incomes and Expenditure Survey

Mufune¹

2013

IJBM

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This study examines factors that influence the labour force participation of women in Namibia. The objectives are to (1) examine the rates of employment among women in Namibia; (2) compare patterns of employment and unemployment across women and men taking into account and type of work and industry; (3) gain insights into factors (marital status, age, residence, education) that promote or hinder women from work. The rationale is that identifying factors affecting women's participation in Namibia's workforcemay provide insight for practitioners and policy makers on how best to support women to either continue in employment or get engaged with work, thereby achieving Namibia's goal of gender equality. This study utilizes data from the Namibia Households Incomes and Expenditure Survey of 2009/2010. The results indicate Namibian women are increasingly entering the labour force as a result of post-independence policies that emphasize greater gender equality. Still women lag behind men in many aspects of labour force participation. Age, education level, and place of residence (urban residence) are predictors of labor force participation rates of women. Marital status seems to be more a predictor of men's than of women's paid employment. We conclude that increases in women's education in particular may prove useful in increasing women's employment in Namibia. Policies should target women's education.

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Space in the Study of Labor Markets

Cited by 134 publications

References 87 publications

"Leaning In or Leaning On? Gender, Homophily, and Activism in Crowdfunding"

"Leaning In or Leaning On? Gender, Homophily, and Activism in Crowdfunding"

Tipping Points: The Gender Segregating and Desegregating Effects of Network Recruitment

Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Namibia’s Workforce: Evidence from the 2009/10 Namibia Households Incomes and Expenditure Survey

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