Space Weather Events, Hurricanes, and Earthquakes in Mexico in September 2017

González-Esparza, A.; Sergeeva, M. A.; Corona‐Romero, P.; Mejia‐Ambriz, J. C.; González, L. X.; Luz, V. De la; Aguilar-Rodríguez, E.; Rodríguez, Miguel; Romero‐Hernández, E.

doi:10.1029/2018sw001995

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The contemporary importance of such advice is demonstrated by recent experience in Mexico in September 2017, when severe space weather coincided with the impact of a hurricane and a major earthquake. Scientific advice was important in helping civil protection authorities to address these different hazards and, most importantly, to counter scare‐mongering that created unnecessary public anxiety about the coincidence of these hazards (Gonzalez‐Esparza et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Great Storm of May 1921: An Exemplar of a Dangerous Space Weather Event

Hapgood

2019

Space Weather

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We reconstruct the timeline of the extreme space weather event of May 1921, reviewing a wealth of reports from scientific literature, databases, newspaper reports, and reports by historians and astronomers. A series of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) bombarded Earth between 13 and 16 May, as shown by a series of sudden commencements observed across the global network of magnetometers. These CMEs produced three major periods of geomagnetic activity. The first period followed the arrival of two CMEs on 13 May. These may have cleared much density from the inner heliosphere, enabling a subsequent CME to travel quickly to Earth and cause intense activity. Continuing moderate magnetic activity following the first period may also have preconditioned the magnetosphere so it responded strongly to that later CME. This arrived late on 14 May, driving a short period of very intense activity early on 15 May, including technological impacts indicative of strong geoelectric fields. Another CME arrived early on 16 May, driving intense activity similar to that on 13 May. We show how these impacts fit with scientific observations to give a timeline that can be used in worst‐case studies/benchmarks. We also show that some impacts were probably coincidental with the storm, but due to more prosaic faults. This sequence of preconditioning, intense geoelectric fields, and their impacts, plus coincidental faults, makes the 1921 event an excellent basis for building space weather scenarios. Such scenarios are vital scientific input to the development and implementation of policies for mitigation of severe space weather.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Great Storm of May 1921: An Exemplar of a Dangerous Space Weather Event

Hapgood

2019

Space Weather

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“…The September 2017 events included an X9.3 flare and a G4 magnetic storm (Redmon et al, ). In addition, Gonzalez‐Esparza et al () reported the September 2017 space weather events detected by the Mexican ground‐based instrumental network.…”

Section: Study Of Four Geomagnetic Stormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First GIC Estimates for the Mexican Power Grid

et al. 2020

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This contribution addresses the first assessment of the impact of geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) on the 400‐kV power grid of Mexico. As an initial approach, we modeled GIC using a uniform conductivity for the entire Mexican territory and spatially uniform geomagnetic disturbance. Power grid data were provided by the electric operator of Mexico; the geophysical data were inferred from the main features of Mexican geology. We calculate the power grid response during four geomagnetic storms from Solar Cycles 23 and 24 (i.e., 15 July 2000, 20 October 2003, 17 March 2015, and 7 September 2017), as well as during an extreme scenario (a Carrington‐like event). The results show that the Mexican power grid can be affected by three‐phase GIC ranging from 20 to 75 A during geomagnetic disturbances. According to the model, sites located in coastal areas or close to the edges of the network can experience large GIC during time intervals between 3 and 10 hr, depending on the intensity of the geomagnetic disturbance. It is an interesting result that these sites are of the major economic and strategic significance for the country. In the case of a Carrington‐like event, the power grid could be affected by GIC ranging between 25 and 150 A under a uniform 1 V/km EW geoelectric field. Such an event might produce significant distortions in the grid hardware (i.e., transformers and static VAR compensators), potentially leading to widespread damage.

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“…In Latin America, specially in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Peru, interest in space weather studies has become more important in the last decade (Denardini et al, 2016a,b,c;Hysell et al, 2018;Valladares and Chau, 2012). Currently, in Brazil and Mexico, regional GNSS-based TEC maps are systematically generated in order to assimilate them into space weather forecasting models (Gonzalez-Esparza et al, 2017;Takahashi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-real-time VTEC maps: New contribution for Latin America Space Weather

Mendoza

Meza

Paz

2020

Advances in Space Research

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The development of regional services able to provide ionospheric vertical total electron content (VTEC) maps and ionospheric indexes with a high spatial resolution, and in near-real-time, are of great importance for both civilian applications and the research community. We provide here the methodologies, and an assessment, of such a system. It relies on the public Global Navigational Satellite Systems (GNSS) infrastructure in South America, incorporates data from multiple constellations (currently GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou), employs multiple frequencies, and produces continental wide VTEC maps with a latency of just a few minutes. To assess the ability of our system to model the ionospheric behavior we performed a yearround intercomparison between our near-real-time regional VTEC maps, and VTEC maps of verified quality produced by several referent analysis centers, resulting in mean biases lower than 1 TEC units (TECU). Also, the evaluation of our products against direct and independent GNSS-based slant TEC measurements shows RMS values better than 1 TECU. In turn, ionospheric weather W-index maps were generated, for calm and disturbed geomagnetic scenarios, solely employing our quality verified VTEC maps. The spatial representation of these W-index maps reflects the state of the ionosphere, with a resolution of 0.5 × 0.5 degrees. Finally, we conclude that our products, computed every 15 minutes, do provide an excellent spatial representation of the regional TEC, and are able to provide the bases for the possible computation of ionospheric W-index maps, also in near-real-time.

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Space Weather Events, Hurricanes, and Earthquakes in Mexico in September 2017

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

The Great Storm of May 1921: An Exemplar of a Dangerous Space Weather Event

The Great Storm of May 1921: An Exemplar of a Dangerous Space Weather Event

First GIC Estimates for the Mexican Power Grid

Near-real-time VTEC maps: New contribution for Latin America Space Weather

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