Spanish Flu, SARS, MERS-CoV by CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; Emission and Maximal Sunspot Number

Kim, Tai-Jin

doi:10.4236/jbise.2019.121005

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A study by a colleague of the authors suggested that the twin peaks of the sunspot cycle in 2002 and 2012 were associated with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occurred in the Middle East (Qu and Wickramasinghe 2017). The sunspot number was considered an excellent factor to predict the scope and the extent of severe diseases for humans during the maximal sunspot number (Kim 2019). However, the sunspot number was not associated with the incidence of HFMD from our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Short-term effects of meteorological factors, air pollution, and sunspot on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Tianjin, China: a new time series regression, 2014–2018

Huang

Song

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study is aimed at defining the relationship between a set of environmental factors and childhood HFMD and then at estimating the related effect. The 16 environmental factors included meteorological, air pollution, and sunspot. A traditional TSR modified by using susceptible-infectious-recovery models and distribution lag nonlinear model was applied to estimate the short-term effects of daily environmental factors on children HFMD occurrence in 2014-2018 with adjustment of potential confounding factors. A total of 70,027 children aged 0-15 years with HFMD were enrolled. No significant effect was observed for daily sunspot numbers and average visibility. We found positive effects of the ambient average temperature, with an approximately m-shaped curve of the overall cumulative relationship, peaking at 25.6°C with a relative risk (RR) of 1.45 (95% confidence intervals 1.21-1.73). The largest RR value of hot effect was achieved on the current day and then decreased by 2 days (total group, male group, and scatter group) or 1 day (female group and nursery group), and the effect lasted about 6 to 8 days from the lag 4 or lag 6 day. A greater association of temperature with HFMD for the female group and the scattered group was observed. This study suggests that ambient average temperature might be a risk factor for children HFMD in Tianjin. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Short-term effects of meteorological factors, air pollution, and sunspot on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Tianjin, China: a new time series regression, 2014–2018

Huang

Song

et al. 2020

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Kim [5] proposed the minimal sunspot number strongly (R 2 = 0.9967) correlated with the avian influenza virus outbreaks. Kim [7] also showed that there was a close relationship (R 2 = 0.8539) between MERS-CoV in Eastern Mediterrane region and maximal sunspot number from 2012 to 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Niño, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number

Kim¹

2020

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The earthquake number was correlated (R 2 = 0.8781) with the volcano number in the East Pacific and Central American countries. The year of volcanic eruptions in the Galapagos Hot Spot (GHS) was proportional to the year of El Niño events (R 2 = 0.9939) as well as to the year of earthquake events (R 2 = 0.9943) in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru from 1977 to 2016. Therefore, there can be El Niño and earthquake events in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru if there are strong volcanic eruptions either from aboveground volcanoes or undersea seamounts in the GHS during the maximal sunspot number's period. Global volcanic eruptions were occurred during the maximal temperature departure, the latter being reversely proportional (R 2 = 0.4512) to the sunspot number from 1980 to 2019. Forest fires occurred in middle latitude countries (South Korea, California, western Russia, Australia) around 35 degree from Pacific Equator during La Niña events at the time of the minimal sunspot number. Since there were intense forest fires in South Korea, Australia and California in 2019, more are expected in 2030 due to the 11 year cyclical variation in the sunspot number. The sequence of forest fires can be schematically summarized as below. 1) La Niña event in Equator causes the low vapor pressure of water due to the low sea surface temperature (SST); 2) There is the pumping of freshwater from the warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator with simultaneous transfer of heat (warm Pacific Ocean to cold Equator) and mass (water enriched Pacific Ocean to water lean Equator); 3) Strong winds from dry zone pass Mountains to cause the forest fires in the residential land with bushes and trees. 4) According to the Bernoulli's principle, the pressure gradient between the high Mountains and the low Ocean, induces the decrease of static velocity gradient for vigorously upwards flares in the Mountains and the residential land during the forest fires, which may be why it is difficult to extinguish the forest fires until burnt up bushes and trees in the Mountains and residential

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“…Kim [6] also showed that there was a close relationship (R 2 = 0.8539) between MERS-CoV in Eastern Mediterrane region and maximal sunspot number from 2012 to 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…When CO 2 is increased, ozone (O 3 ) layers in the Poles become thinner so that UV radiation [5] upon the Earth is increased. Increased solar radiation during maximal sunspot number [6] and enhanced CO 2 emission may induce El Niño events through warm SST and strong volcanic eruptions at seamounts in Antarctica, South America, and GHS.…”

Section: El Niño Index and La Niña Index With Sunspot Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictions of El Ni&#241;o, La Ni&#241;a and Record Low Chicago Temperature by Sunspot Number

Kim¹

2019

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The El Ni�o Index, defined as 4 intensities (very strong, strong, moderate, weak) in Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), was positively correlated with the average sunspot number at each intensity. The La Niña Index, defined as 3 intensities (strong, moderate, weak) in ONI, was negatively with the average sunspot number from 1954 to 2017. It appears that very strong El Niño events occur frequently during the maximal sunspot number while strong La Niña events more often occur during the minimal sunspot number. Since greenhouse-gas is continuously increased, it is therefore proposed that the maximal sunspot number is a major parameter for prediction of El Niño while the minimal sunspot number applies in the same way for La Niña. El Nino/La Nina events can be classified as four typical cases depending upon the submarine volcanic activities at seamounts in Antarctica and South America. The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) of the South and Central Americas are warmer than SST of East Australian Current (EAC), due to the strong volcanic eruptions in the Seamounts and the Ridges in South and Central Americas. This results in the Central Pacific Current (CPC) flowing from east to west due to the second law of thermodynamics for thermal flow from hot source to cold sink. In contrast the opposite direction is made if SST in EAC is warmer than SST in the Central/South American Seamounts and Ridges, due to the strong volcanic eruptions in the Antarctic Seamounts and Ridges. Chicago was selected as a case study for the relationship between extreme cold weather conditions and minimal sunspot number. Previous attempts at predicting weather patterns in Chicago have largely failed. The years of the record low temperatures in Chicago were significantly correlated with the years of the minimal sunspot number from 1873 to 2019. It is forecast that there may occur a weak La Niña in 2019 and another record low temperature in Chicago in January of 2020 due to the phase of the minimal sunspot number in 2019. It may be possible to predict very strong El Ni�o events with the year of maximal sunspot number as El Niño

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Spanish Flu, SARS, MERS-CoV by CO<sub>2</sub> Emission and Maximal Sunspot Number

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Short-term effects of meteorological factors, air pollution, and sunspot on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Tianjin, China: a new time series regression, 2014–2018

Short-term effects of meteorological factors, air pollution, and sunspot on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Tianjin, China: a new time series regression, 2014–2018

Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Niño, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number

Predictions of El Ni&#241;o, La Ni&#241;a and Record Low Chicago Temperature by Sunspot Number

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Spanish Flu, SARS, MERS-CoV by CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Emission and Maximal Sunspot Number

Cited by 6 publications

References 28 publications

Short-term effects of meteorological factors, air pollution, and sunspot on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Tianjin, China: a new time series regression, 2014–2018

Short-term effects of meteorological factors, air pollution, and sunspot on childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Tianjin, China: a new time series regression, 2014–2018

Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Ni&#241;o, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number

Predictions of El Ni&amp;#241;o, La Ni&amp;#241;a and Record Low Chicago Temperature by Sunspot Number

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Spanish Flu, SARS, MERS-CoV by CO<sub>2</sub> Emission and Maximal Sunspot Number

Predictions of Galapagos Volcanic Eruption, El Niño, Ecuadorian Earthquake, Global Volcanic Eruption and Forest Fire by Sunspot Number

Predictions of El Niño, La Niña and Record Low Chicago Temperature by Sunspot Number