“…The IGDS9-SF was originally developed in English and subsequently psychometrically validated and adapted to various languages, including Albanian [ 33 ], Chinese [ 34 ], Czech [ 35 ], German [ 36 ], Italian [ 37 ], Malay [ 38 ], Persian [ 31 ], Polish [ 39 ], European and South American Portuguese [ 15 , 40 ], Slovenian [ 41 ], Spanish [ 42 ], and Turkish [ 32 , 43 ]. Furthermore, its cross-cultural validity has been further supported by several international studies examining its measurement invariance (i.e., configural, metric, and scalar) across different countries [ 33 , 44 , 45 ].…”