Spanking in Early Childhood and Later Behavior Problems: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers

Slade, Eric P.; Wissow, Lawrence S.

doi:10.1542/peds.113.5.1321

Cited by 84 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Subsequent prospective studies yielded similar results, whether they controlled for parental age, child age, race and family structure; 12 poverty, child age, emotional support, cognitive stimulation, sex, race and the interactions among these variables; 13 or other factors. [14][15][16][17] These studies provide the strongest evidence available that physical punishment is a risk factor for child aggression and antisocial behaviour.…”

Section: The New Millennium: Addressing Causation and Broadening Focusmentioning

confidence: 96%

Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research

Durrant

Ensom

2012

CMAJ

191

108

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Section: The New Millennium: Addressing Causation and Broadening Focusmentioning

confidence: 96%

Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research

Durrant

Ensom

2012

CMAJ

191

108

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“…Using structural equations modeling, Gunnoe and Mariner (1997) reported that spanking decreased subsequent fighting in AfricanAmerican children, but increased fighting in White children. These findings suggest the need for separate analyses by racial and ethnic differences (Slade & Wissow, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

The moderating effect of parental warmth on the association between spanking and child aggression: a longitudinal approach

Stacks

Oshio

Gerard

et al. 2009

Infant and Child Development

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Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study, this study analysed the stability of child aggressive behaviour beginning in infancy and tested whether spanking when the child was 36 months was associated with aggressive child behaviour among three ethnic groups and whether maternal warmth moderated the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour in each ethnic group at 36 months, after controlling for earlier aggressive behaviour. Participants included 693 Hispanic parent-child dyads, 1013 African-American dyads and 1086 Caucasian dyads who met qualifications for participation in the Early Head Start programme. Findings suggest that infant temperament was associated with aggressive behaviour at 24 and 36 months and that child aggression remained stable. Among the three ethnic groups, spanking was only associated with aggressive behaviour for children who had Caucasian mothers and maternal warmth did not moderate the effect of spanking on aggressive behaviour. Copyright r 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key words: spanking; parenting; early childhood; discipline; aggressive behaviour; Early Head Start A large body of research and a variety of early intervention programmes are devoted to understanding and treating early aggression. Aggression and

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“…24,25 Many studies have found a link between physical punishment and poor child and adolescent social, emotional, cognitive, developmental, and behavioral problems or impairment. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] There is also evidence for an association between physical punishment and poor adult mental health outcomes. For example, physical punishment has been associated with depressive symptoms in US college samples.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders: Results From a Nationally Representative US Sample

Afifi

Mota

Dasiewicz³

et al. 2012

Pediatrics

177

120

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Physical punishment is associated with aggression, delinquency, and internalizing conditions in childhood, as well as a range of Axis I mental disorders in adulthood. More research is needed on the possible long-term relationship between physical punishment and mental health.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS: To our knowledge, this is the first nationally representative examination of physical punishment and a range of Axis I and II disorders, gender interactions, and proportion of mental disorders in the general population that may be attributable to physical punishment. abstract BACKGROUND: The use of physical punishment is controversial. Few studies have examined the relationship between physical punishment and a wide range of mental disorders in a nationally representative sample. The current research investigated the possible link between harsh physical punishment (ie, pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, hitting) in the absence of more severe child maltreatment (ie, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, exposure to intimate partner violence) and Axis I and II mental disorders. RESULTS: Harsh physical punishment was associated with increased odds of mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug abuse/ dependence, and several personality disorders after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and family history of dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio: 1.36-2.46). Approximately 2% to 5% of Axis I disorders and 4% to 7% of Axis II disorders were attributable to harsh physical punishment. METHODS:CONCLUSIONS: Harsh physical punishment in the absence of child maltreatment is associated with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse/dependence, and personality disorders in a general population sample. These findings inform the ongoing debate around the use of physical punishment and provide evidence that harsh physical punishment independent of child maltreatment is related to mental disorders.

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Spanking in Early Childhood and Later Behavior Problems: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers

Cited by 84 publications

References 47 publications

Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research

Physical punishment of children: lessons from 20 years of research

The moderating effect of parental warmth on the association between spanking and child aggression: a longitudinal approach

Physical Punishment and Mental Disorders: Results From a Nationally Representative US Sample

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