Sparks and needles: Seeking catalysts of state expansions, a case study of technological interaction at Angkor, Cambodia (9th to 13th centuries CE)

Hendrickson, Mitch; Leroy, Stéphanie

doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101141

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Evidence from several Angkorian contexts suggests that production of stoneware ceramics and metals shifted from households to workshops (Grave et al 2021;Polkinghorne et al 2014). However, as Hendrickson and Leroy (2020) observed, iron oxide to produce brown glazes was used in ceramic kilns that are frequently found near iron production sites, which might suggest exchange of technological knowledge or even cohabitation between craft producers. These developments could be further explored with a focused examination of domestic spaces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Building from the Ground Up: The Archaeology of Residential Spaces and Communities in Southeast Asia

Carter

2022

J Archaeol Res

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Despite the ethnographic importance of the Southeast Asian house and household, an explicitly Southeast Asian "household archaeology" is still in its infancy. Nevertheless, archaeologists in Southeast Asia have undertaken excavations within habitation areas and residential spaces, identifying domestic debris, the partial remains of house structures, and activity areas. As a result, archaeologists of Southeast Asia have addressed many topics of relevance to those who use a household archaeology approach, including the identification and description of houses and household activities; the domestic economy; domestic ritual; diversity and variability both within houses as related to questions of identity, specifically gender and age, and between houses, especially as related to status; and identification of supra-household communities. In this review, I consider how archaeologists have addressed these themes using examples from a diverse set of geographic locations and time periods in mainland and island Southeast Asia. I conclude with suggestions for future research directions to continue building an archaeology of residential spaces and communities in Southeast Asia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Building from the Ground Up: The Archaeology of Residential Spaces and Communities in Southeast Asia

Carter

2022

J Archaeol Res

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“…Provenance investigations mostly involve major and trace elements analyses of slag inclusions contained in iron artefacts, and comparison with the composition of potential ore sources (e.g., Blakelock et al, 2009;Coustures et al, 2003;Desaulty et al, 2009;Dillmann & L'Héritier, 2007;Mameli et al, 2014). Along with elemental analyses, multivariate statistical treatments such as hierarchical clustering (HC), principal component analysis (PCA) or linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are commonly used to determine iron sources and reconstruct ancient networks of iron circulation (e.g., Bérard et al, 2020;Charlton et al, 2012;Disser et al, 2017;Hendrickson & Leroy, 2020;Leroy et al, 2012Leroy et al, , 2017Stepanov et al, 2020). A major disadvantage of elemental analyses on slag inclusions resides in its destructive nature because it requires sectioning artefacts to acquire enough data on numerous slag inclusions for statistical treatment.…”

Section: Elemental and Isotopic Methods For Ancient Iron Tracingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the provenance of iron bars from Les Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer Roman shipwrecks (south‐east France) with iron isotopes

et al. 2021

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Fe isotopes were used to determine the origin of iron bars from Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer Roman shipwrecks, which was a major archaeological finding at the end of the 20th century in France. Their Fe isotope composition was measured by multi collectorinductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) after chemical Fe purification. The results allowed us to suggest provenances that were compared with those based on trace element analyses of slag inclusions. For most of the bars, we validate the provenance hypotheses previously proposed. Two bar groups originate from the Montagne Noire metallurgical district (south-west France), whereas a third group comes from another source, not clearly identified so far. In this context of Roman iron production, we argue for a non-spatially segmented production, where bars were manufactured close to smelting sites. Combined trace element and Fe isotope analyses on the same objects provide crucial information about the nature of their ore source. The elemental heterogeneity, positive Eu anomaly and Fe isotopic homogeneity of several bars were inherited from gossan-type ores, whereas the negative Eu anomaly and variable Fe isotopes signature of others most likely correspond to sedimentary iron ores. This study demonstrates that combined trace element and Fe isotopes analyses in a well-defined archaeological context is a promising approach for provenance studies of iron metals of archaeological interest.

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“…Archaeological studies identified the Phnom Dek region in north-central Cambodia as an important source of iron during the development of the Angkorian Khmer Empire, and particularly the major periods of expansion between the 11th and 13th centuries CE (Fig. 1A) (14)(15)(16). Located 135 km east of the Khmer capital of Angkor, this region contains over a dozen sites comprising up to 50 individual mounds consisting of stratigraphic layers with mixed technological debris from the smelting processes.…”

Section: Archaeological Background and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeomagnetic results from Cambodia in Southeast Asia: Evidence for possible low-latitude flux expulsion

Cai

Doctor

Tauxe

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Extensive spatial and temporal distribution of high-quality data are essential for understanding regional and global behaviors of the geomagnetic field. We carried out chronological and archaeomagnetic studies at the Angkor-era iron-smelting site of Tonle Bak in Cambodia in Southeast Asia, an area with no data available to date. We recovered high-fidelity full-vector geomagnetic information from the 11th to 14th century for this region, which fill gaps in the global distribution of data and will significantly improve the global models. These results reveal a sharp directional change of the geomagnetic field between 1200 and 1300 CE, accompanied by an intensity dip between 1100 and 1300 CE. The fast geomagnetic variation recorded by our data provides evidence for the possible existence of low-latitude flux expulsion. Related discussions in this paper will inspire a new focus on detailed geomagnetic research in low-latitude areas around the equator, and exploration of related dynamic processes.

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Sparks and needles: Seeking catalysts of state expansions, a case study of technological interaction at Angkor, Cambodia (9th to 13th centuries CE)

Cited by 14 publications

References 81 publications

Building from the Ground Up: The Archaeology of Residential Spaces and Communities in Southeast Asia

Building from the Ground Up: The Archaeology of Residential Spaces and Communities in Southeast Asia

Investigating the provenance of iron bars from Les Saintes‐Maries‐de‐la‐Mer Roman shipwrecks (south‐east France) with iron isotopes

Archaeomagnetic results from Cambodia in Southeast Asia: Evidence for possible low-latitude flux expulsion

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