Spatial Analysis of Determinants of Filariasis-Endemic Areas in West Sumatra

Abstract

West Pasaman District and Agam District are filariasis-endemic areas in West Sumatra with prevalence of 12.40 per 100,000 cases and 11.27 per 100,000 cases respectively. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with the prevalence of filariasis and mapping the vulnerability of the area in West Sumatra. A case control study design was conducted in the West Pasaman District and Agam District. The study used a sample of 74 cases and 74 controls taken by simple random sampling for the case and purposive random sampling for control. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate, multivariate and spatial. The results in Agam District showed that variables associated relation with filariasis (p value < 0.05) were the level of knowledge, plantations, the paddy, the ceiling of the house. The most dominant risk factor was knowledge. Type of vector that was found was Culex. While in West Pasaman District, the variable associated with filariasis (p value < 0.05) was the use of mosquito nets, the habit of dressing, marshes, and ceiling. The most dominant risk factor was the ceiling of the house. Keywords: Filariasis, geographic information system, risk, vulnerabilities AbstrakKabupaten Pasaman Barat dan Kabupaten Agam adalah daerah endemis filariasis di Sumatra Barat dengan prevalensi masing-masing 12,40 per 100.000 kasus dan 11,27 per 100.000 kasus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang terkait dengan prevalensi filariasis dan pemetaan kerentanan daerah di Sumatra Barat. Desain studi kasus kontrol dilakukan di Pasaman Barat dan Agam. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel dari 74 kasus dan 74 kontrol, diambil secara simple random sampling untuk kasus dan purposive random sampling untuk kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan univariat, bivariat, multivariat dan spasial. Hasil penelitian di Kabupaten Agam menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan filariasis (nilai p < 0,05) adalah tingkat pengetahuan, perkebunan, padi, plafon rumah. Faktor risiko yang paling dominan adalah pengetahuan. Jenis vektor yang ditemukan adalah Culex. Sedangkan di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat, variabel hubungan dengan filariasis (nilai p < 0,05) adalah penggunaan kelambu, kebiasaan berpakaian, rawa-rawa, plafon rumah. Faktor risiko yang paling dominan adalah plafon rumah.

A Review of Bed Nets Usage and Sewerage Conditions as Risk Factors for Lymphatic Filariasis in Developing Countries

“…Other studies in endemic area in West Sumatra, Indonesia, found a relationship between the use of bed nets and the incidence of lymphatic filariasis (p-value = 0.033) (44). People who do not use bed nets while sleeping at night have a 5.82 times greater risk of transmitting lymphatic filariasis than those who use bed nets.…”

“…Several types of mosquitoes, such as Anopheles spp, Culex sp, and Mansonia spp, have biting activity in the evening, after sunset until sunrise (44). Therefore, bed nets are an effective and useful step to prevent contact with mosquito vectors when sleeping, especially at night, reducing the risk of contracting lymphatic filariasis (45).…”

“…Another reason was that 24% of respondents felt they did not need it or did not like sleeping using bed nets, or that the net was damaged (6.6%) (48). Other research conducted in West Sumatra, Indonesia, also states that the behavior of using bed nets is related to economic conditions, where people with low incomes cannot afford to buy them (44).…”

“…Since insect repellents in mosquito bed nets do not harm humans, they are not hazardous to health (7). ITNs aim to protect the public, especially infants, toddlers, and pregnant women who are very vulnerable to diseases caused by the transmission of mosquito bites (44).…”

“…Respondents' use of any type of bed nets while sleeping remains an important effort to prevent lymphatic filariasis transmission. However, the use of bed nets will only be helpful when they are used regularly (44).…”