Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 to 2018

Phang, Wei Kit; Hamid, Mohd Hafizi Abdul; Jelip, Jenarun; Mudin, Rose Nani; Chuang, Ting-Wu; Lau, Yee Ling; Fong, Mun Yik

doi:10.3390/ijerph17249271

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The parasites commonly referred to as “macaque malarias” [ 50 ] vary in their host specificity (Table 1 ). Although humans are infected, humans seem to be paratenic hosts since human-to-human transmission has not been documented [ 74 , 75 ]. There is no evidence of host-switches between “macaque” and orang-utans parasites, regardless of their hosts’ overlapping distributions [ 45 , 54 , 76 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities

Escalante

Cepeda

Pacheco

2022

Malar J

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The global malaria burden sometimes obscures that the genus Plasmodium comprises diverse clades with lineages that independently gave origin to the extant human parasites. Indeed, the differences between the human malaria parasites were highlighted in the classical taxonomy by dividing them into two subgenera, the subgenus Plasmodium, which included all the human parasites but Plasmodium falciparum that was placed in its separate subgenus, Laverania. Here, the evolution of Plasmodium in primates will be discussed in terms of their species diversity and some of their distinct phenotypes, putative molecular adaptations, and host–parasite biocenosis. Thus, in addition to a current phylogeny using genome-level data, some specific molecular features will be discussed as examples of how these parasites have diverged. The two subgenera of malaria parasites found in primates, Plasmodium and Laverania, reflect extant monophyletic groups that originated in Africa. However, the subgenus Plasmodium involves species in Southeast Asia that were likely the result of adaptive radiation. Such events led to the Plasmodium vivax lineage. Although the Laverania species, including P. falciparum, has been considered to share “avian characteristics,” molecular traits that were likely in the common ancestor of primate and avian parasites are sometimes kept in the Plasmodium subgenus while being lost in Laverania. Assessing how molecular traits in the primate malaria clades originated is a fundamental science problem that will likely provide new targets for interventions. However, given that the genus Plasmodium is paraphyletic (some descendant groups are in other genera), understanding the evolution of malaria parasites will benefit from studying “non-Plasmodium” Haemosporida.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities

Escalante

Cepeda

Pacheco

2022

Malar J

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“…Natural simian malaria infections in humans are more likely to occur when humans disrupt the normal mosquito–macaque circulation chain in the forested area [ 51 ]. Furthermore, spatial analysis by Phang et al [ 52 ] showed Lipis district has the highest infection rate when compared with other districts in Pahang as most infected patients worked in the agricultural sector, suggesting frequent exposure to the forest, forest-edge and plantation setting. Thus, this increases the possibility of contact with Anopheles mosquitoes as well as macaque populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of simian malaria among macaques in Malaysia (2000–2021): A systematic review

et al. 2022

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Background The aim of Malaysia to eliminate malaria nationwide by 2020 seems need to be prolonged. Whilst Malaysia has successfully eliminated human malaria transmission, simian malaria parasites such as Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui and P. cynomolgi are the emerging cause of malaria in humans. The epidemiological study of simian malaria in primates provides useful information in identifying the risk of human-macaques Plasmodium infection. Methodology/Principal findings This study was performed to gather all available data in terms of simian malaria epidemiology study among macaques in Malaysia over the last two decades. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to select appropriate articles as references. Data searches were performed through international databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, CrossRef, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct for original articles published from 2000 until 2021. The review identified seven simian malaria epidemiology studies in Malaysia over the 20-year study period. Most studies were conducted in Peninsular Malaysia (5/7; 71%) followed by East Malaysia (2/7; 29%). All studies showed positive detection of Plasmodium parasites in macaques. The most prevalent Plasmodium species in macaques was P. inui (49.27%) and the least prevalent was P. fieldi (4.76%). The prevalence of simian malaria was higher in East Malaysia compared to Peninsular Malaysia. The mono, dual and triple infection types were the most common among macaques. Conclusion/Significance The non-human primates like macaques are the reservoir of simian plasmodium in Malaysia. Hence, the study of host epidemiology is an important insight to public health management as there is a high occurrence of simian malaria in Malaysia. The right measurement can be taken as well to prevent the transmission of simian malaria from macaques to humans.

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“…Four-fifths (n = 6112 cases, 80.6%) of the patients in Sarawak were involved in forest-related occupations such as plantation worker, logger and jungle gatherer, whereas only 54.0% of the knowlesi malaria patients reported in Peninsular Malaysia were involved in forest-related occupations [48]. Epidemiological studies in Sabah linked forest-related occupations to increased P. knowlesi exposure [19,41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of indigenous Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sarawak, 2011–2019

Ooi

Phang

Liew

et al. 2022

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objectives: To characterise the state-wide epidemiology of indigenous knowlesi malaria in Sarawak from 2011 to 2019. Methods: Longitudinal retrospective study was conducted based on Sarawak knowlesi malaria surveillance data recorded from 2011-2019. Only indigenous cases were included and information extracted for analysis comprised age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, case severity, hospital admission and parasite density. Results: Over the 9 years, 8473 indigenous knowlesi malaria cases were recorded. Age group 40-49 years, males, plantation workers and Iban communities recorded the highest percentage of cases in each demographic variable. Most of the cases were uncomplicated (n = 7292; 86.1%) and 89.6% (n = 7589) of the total cases were reported with ≤20 000 parasites/μl of blood. Age group and ethnic group are associated with the severity of knowlesi malaria in Sarawak. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the age group 60+ years had the highest odds of developing severe knowlesi malaria compared with other age groups (AOR 2.48; 95% CI 1.22, 5.02; p = 0.012). Bidayuh patients were more likely to develop severe knowlesi malaria than Ibans, the largest ethnic group among knowlesi malaria patients (AOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.31, 2.97; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Identification of risk groups is important for the implementation of prevention programs and treatments targeting at specific group to combat knowlesi malaria effectively.

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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Plasmodium knowlesi Infection in Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 to 2018

Cited by 24 publications

References 46 publications

Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities

Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities

Prevalence of simian malaria among macaques in Malaysia (2000–2021): A systematic review

Epidemiology of indigenous Plasmodium knowlesi infection in Sarawak, 2011–2019

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