Spatial and temporal distribution of current-use pesticides in ambient air of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur Region and Corsica, France

Abstract

A total of 59 current-use pesticides were monitored in ambient air samples collected from February 2012 to December 2017, at two rural and six urban sites in Provence-Alpes-Côted'Azur Region and Corsica, France. 45 of searched active substances were detected at least in one sample, at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 98.6%. Among the most frequently detected pesticides, we found the herbicide Pendimethalin (64.6%), the fungicide Tebuconazole (65.9%), and the insecticides Chlorpyrifos (71.5%) and Lindane (98.6%). A wide range of atmospheric concentrations was measured from few pg m -3 to several hundreds of ng m -3 , with a maximum concentration of 407.79 ng m -3 for Chlorpyrifos (Cavaillon, May 2012). 17 active substances exceeded an atmospheric concentration of 1 ng m -3 for at least one sample, including Folpet (147 times/162 detections), Chlorpyrifos (56/520), and Pendimethalin (29/464). The spatial distribution shows that pesticides were detected both in the eight rural and urban sampling sites, suggesting an atmospheric transport from agricultural areas to cities. Classifying the 8 sampling sites according to samples composition, two types of site were observed, those (Aléria, Arles, Avignon, Port-de-Bouc, and Toulon) where a majority of fungicides are found and those (Cannes, Cavaillon, and Nice) where insecticides are dominant. Long-term (6 years) monitoring shows a seasonally trend for each pesticide, depending on pest pressure. Inter-annual variation suggests a downward trend which is consistent with the regional sales data.

Heterogeneous degradation of pesticides by OH radicals in the atmosphere: Influence of humidity and particle type on the kinetics

“…Pesticides are of great interest for both the scientific community and the general public due to their worldwide uses and potential adverse health or environmental impacts (Carvalho, 2017;Inserm, 2013). They are present in the atmosphere in concentration levels from some picogram per cubic meter (pg m −3 ) to several nanograms per cubic meter (ng m −3 ) (Coscollà et al, 2013(Coscollà et al, , 2014Désert et al, 2018;Estellano et al, 2015;Lester et al, 2017;Zivan et al, 2016Zivan et al, , 2017.…”

“…The experiments were done with eight pesticides representative of various chemical classes of pesticides: cyprodinil (pyrimidine), deltamethrin (pyrethroid), difenoconazole (triazole), fipronil (pyrazole), oxadiazon (diazole), pendimethalin (dinitroaniline), permethrin (pyrethroid), and tetraconazole (triazole). The compounds under study were selected based on their distribution between gas and particle phases, their toxicity, and their presence in the atmosphere (Désert et al, 2018). Understanding the influence of these factors on the heterogeneous degradation kinetics of pesticides by OH radicals will help to better understand the atmospheric behavior and the atmospheric transportability of pesticides when they are adsorbed on atmospheric aerosols.…”

Influence of pesticide concentration on their heterogeneous atmospheric degradation by ozone

“…Numerous studies have reported the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere in concentrations ranging from a few picograms per cubic meter to hundreds of nanograms per cubic meter (Coscollà et al 2010;Estellano et al 2015;Lopez et al 2017;Désert et al 2018;Villiot et al 2018). At the same time, many adverse effects of pesticides on human health (Clementi et al 2008;Hatcher et al 2008;Marks et al 2010;Inserm 2013;Parrón et al 2014;Kim et al 2017) and on the environment (Santadino et al 2014;Carvalho 2017) have been evidenced.…”

“…The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the surface coating level (0.3 to 15% of a monolayer) on the heterogeneous ozonolysis of four pesticides (cyprodinil, deltamethrin, permethrin, and pendimethalin) adsorbed on two types of model mineral particles (hydrophobic and hydrophilic silicas). These four pesticides were selected based on their presence in the atmosphere up to a dozen of ng m -3 (Désert et al, 2018), on their toxicity M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 6 (APVMA, 2017), and on their distribution between the gas and particle phases (AOPWIN TM , Meylan and Howard 1993). Moreover, they have been the subject of numerous studies of reactivity towards ozone (Socorro et al 2015;Mattei et al 2018) and OH radicals (Socorro et al 2016;Mattei et al 2019).…”

Heterogeneous atmospheric degradation of current-use pesticides by nitrate radicals

“…The aim of this study is to investigate the heterogeneous reactivity with NO 3 radicals of eight current-use pesticides (cyprodinil (pyrimidine), deltamethrin (pyrethroid), difenoconazole (triazole), fipronil (pyrazole), oxadiazon (diazole), pendimethalin (dinitroaniline), permethrin (pyrethroid), and tetraconazole (triazole)) adsorbed on hydrophobic silica as a model for mineral atmospheric particles. The compounds under study were selected based on their distribution between gas and particle phases, their toxicity, their presence in the atmosphere (Désert et al, 2018). More, their heterogeneous reactivity was extensively investigated toward OH radicals (Socorro et al, 2016;Mattei et al, 2019a) and ozone (Socorro et al, 2015;Mattei et al, 2018Mattei et al, , 2019b.…”