Spatial and temporal locomotor learning in mouse cerebellum

Darmohray, Dana M; Jacobs, Jovin R.; Marques, Hugo Gravato; Carey, Megan R.

doi:10.1101/389965

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…2009; Darmohray et al . 2019; Sato & Choi, 2019). There is also evidence that adaptation of asymmetry in step times and step lengths during split‐belt treadmill walking reflect the output of different neural mechanisms: first, step length asymmetry is a combination of both temporal ( when the feet are placed) and spatial ( where the feet are placed) control (Finley et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Step time asymmetry but not step length asymmetry is adapted to optimize energy cost of split‐belt treadmill walking

Stenum

Choi

2020

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points The relationship between spatiotemporal gait asymmetry and walking energetics is currently under debate. The split‐belt treadmill paradigm has been used to study adaptation of spatiotemporal gait parameters in relation to energetics, but it remains unclear why people reduce asymmetry in step lengths, but prefer asymmetry in step times. In this study we characterized the effects of step time asymmetry and step length asymmetry on energy cost during steady‐state walking on a split‐belt treadmill at increasing speed‐differences. Both the optimal and preferred step time asymmetry increased with greater speed differences, while preferred step lengths remained constant and nearly symmetric. Preferred asymmetric step times were energetically optimal across all speed‐difference conditions, while preferred step length asymmetry was not optimal. The findings show that humans will adopt an asymmetric gait that is associated with an energy reduction and suggest that step time asymmetry plays a dominant role in shaping the energetic cost of gait asymmetry. Abstract Healthy human walking is symmetric and economical; hemiparetic and amputee gait is often asymmetric and requires more energy. Consequently, asymmetry has been attributed to account for the added energy cost of pathological gait. But it is also possible that asymmetric gait may be adopted if it is energetically optimal under certain biomechanical and neurological constraints of the locomotor system. Here, we assessed how preferred asymmetry in step times and step lengths of healthy human gait is adapted during split‐belt treadmill walking and tested the hypothesis that asymmetry is adapted to optimize metabolic energy cost. Ten healthy, young participants walked on a split‐belt treadmill in three conditions in which the average belt speed was always 1.25 m s–1 and the speed difference between the belts was 0.5 m s–1, 1.0 m s–1 and 1.5 m s–1 while a range of values of step time asymmetry and step length asymmetry were enforced. We found that preferred step time asymmetry increased with greater speed differences while preferred step length asymmetry remained constant and nearly symmetric. With increasing speed differences participants increased their preferred value of step time asymmetry to coincide with the lowest energy cost. However, our results show that preferred step length asymmetry was not optimal even with extensive experience of split‐belt treadmill walking. Overall, our results indicate that humans will adopt an asymmetric gait that is associated with an energy reduction and suggest that step time asymmetry plays a dominant role in shaping the energetic cost of gait asymmetry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2012); last, maintenance of the adapted step time asymmetry appears to be prioritized over maintenance of the adapted step length asymmetry (Darmohray et al . 2019; Gonzalez‐Rubio et al . 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Step time asymmetry but not step length asymmetry is adapted to optimize energy cost of split‐belt treadmill walking

Stenum

Choi

2020

The Journal of Physiology

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“…A previous study demonstrated that using a split‐belt treadmill training to improve stride length, freezers were unable to adapt the stride time to compensate for differences in leg speed 13 . Split‐belt adaptation (ie, improved stride length) in mice depends on an intact cerebellum 59 . The CLR is involved in the FOG pathophysiology, 24,60 as lesions causing FOG are located within the CLR 24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 Split-belt adaptation (ie, improved stride length) in mice depends on an intact cerebellum. 59 The CLR is involved in the FOG pathophysiology, 24,60 as lesions causing FOG are located within the CLR. 24 These results suggest that freezers are unable to recruit cerebellar networks during successive step to step without reducing the amplitude.…”

Section: Changes In Gait Automaticity Is Associated With Changes In Clrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Adapted Resistance Training with Instability Randomized Controlled Trial for Gait Automaticity

et al. 2020

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Background Deficits in the cerebellar locomotor region (CLR) have been associated with loss of gait automaticity in individuals with freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease (freezers); however, exercise interventions that restore gait automaticity in freezers are lacking. We evaluated the effects of the adapted resistance training with instability ([ARTI] complex exercises) compared with traditional motor rehabilitation (without complex exercises) on gait automaticity and attentional set‐shifting. We also verified associations between gait automaticity change and CLR activation change previously published. Methods Freezers were randomized either to the experimental group (ARTI, n = 17) or to the active control group (traditional motor rehabilitation, n = 15). Both training groups performed exercises 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Gait automaticity (dual‐task and dual‐task cost [DTC] on gait speed and stride length), single‐task gait speed and stride length, attentional set‐shifting (time between Trail Making Test parts B and A), and CLR activation during a functional magnetic resonance imaging protocol of simulated step initiation task were evaluated before and after interventions. Results Both training groups improved gait parameters in single task (P < 0.05), but ARTI was more effective than traditional motor rehabilitation in improving DTC on gait speed, DTC on stride length, dual‐task stride length, and CLR activation (P < 0.05). Changes in CLR activation were associated with changes in DTC on stride length (r = 0.68, P = 0.002) following ARTI. Only ARTI improved attentional set‐shifting at posttraining (P < 0.05). Conclusions ARTI restores gait automaticity and improves attentional set‐shifting in freezers attributed to the usage of exercises with high motor complexity. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society

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“…Thus, local networks in the spinal cord and the brainstem are sufficient to generate the basic antagonistic muscle activities that mediate the rhythmic properties of locomotion and breathing, respectively (Tresch et al, 1999; Talpalar et al, 2013; Bellavance et al, 2017; Kurnikova et al, 2017). However, the cerebellum may well play an instrumental role in coordinating front and hind limb movements during more elaborate forms of locomotion adaptation (Hoogland et al, 2015; Machado et al, 2015; Vinueza Veloz et al, 2015; Darmohray et al, 2019) or adjusting the respiratory cycle during more complex tasks such as speech (Deger et al, 1999). Here, we provide evidence that changes in simple spike activity of Purkinje cells in the simplex, crus 1 and crus 2 areas, in which respiratory and whisking processing converges, may contribute to re-adaptation of the respiratory timing signal following sensory perturbation of the facial whiskers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional convergence of autonomic and sensorimotor processing in the lateral cerebellum

Romano

Reddington

Cazzanelli

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The cerebellum is involved in control of voluntary and autonomic rhythmic behaviors, yet it is largely unclear to what extent it coordinates these in a concerted action. Here, we studied Purkinje cell activity during unperturbed and perturbed respiration in cerebellar lobules simplex, crus 1 and 2. During unperturbed (eupneic) respiration complex spike and simple spike activity encoded respiratory activity, the timing of which corresponded with ongoing sensorimotor feedback. Instead, upon whisker stimulation mice concomitantly accelerated their simple spike activity and inspiration in a phase-dependent manner. Moreover, the accelerating impact of whisker stimulation on respiration could be mimicked by optogenetic stimulation of Purkinje cells and prevented by cell-specific genetic modification of their AMPA receptors that hampered increases in simple spike firing. Thus, the impact of Purkinje cell activity on respiratory control is context- and phase-dependent, suggesting a coordinating role for the cerebellar hemispheres in aligning autonomic and sensorimotor behaviors.

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Spatial and temporal locomotor learning in mouse cerebellum

Cited by 17 publications

References 88 publications

Step time asymmetry but not step length asymmetry is adapted to optimize energy cost of split‐belt treadmill walking

Step time asymmetry but not step length asymmetry is adapted to optimize energy cost of split‐belt treadmill walking

The Adapted Resistance Training with Instability Randomized Controlled Trial for Gait Automaticity

Functional convergence of autonomic and sensorimotor processing in the lateral cerebellum

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