Spatial and temporal nutrient variations in the Yellow Sea and their effects on Ulva prolifera blooms

Shi, Xiaoyong; Qi, Mingyan; Haiqing, Tang; Han, Xiurong

doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.02.007

Cited by 119 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The SYS was traditionally thought to be one of the typically oligotrophic seas in China [ Zou et al ., ; Fu et al ., ]. However, in recent years, the SYS has faced increasing environmental problems, such as eutrophication and harmful algal bloom [ Tang et al ., ; Sun et al ., ; Shi et al ., ], especially the green tide bloom that has become a recurrent phenomenon in this region since 2008 [ Zhou et al ., ]. It was reported that Ulva prolifera was an important seed source for the successive and more serious green tide bloom [ Zhang et al ., ; Huo et al ., ], and the relatively high N/P ratio in the waters was the main reason for rapid growth of U. prolifera , excluding the proper temperature and salinity [ Li et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of the materials required for green tide bloom, DIN and DIP showed a general decreasing trend over time in April due to the rapid growth of U. prolifera in the water column of the SYS. In August, although there was still a large area of U. prolifera floating in the sea, nutrients were also found to increase to some extent [ Shi et al ., ], indicating that there must be other continuous sources of DIN and DIP, especially for the input of high N/P ratio sources into the SYS. Figure shows the conceptual model for the development, transport pathways and degradation of green tides in the SYS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stage II: Driven by currents and winds, the biomass drifts to the north and offshore, with continuous nutrients supplied by SGD resulting in a massive green tide bloom in the SYS. When the biomass reaches its maximum, the nutrients decrease to a minimum level and the N/P ratio falls back to its normal level [ Shi et al ., ]. Stage III: In late July to early August, the green tide begins to degrade because of the depletion of DIN and DIP in waters that constrained phytoplankton growth as well as high temperatures in the surface seawater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the literature of Shi et al . [], DIN and DIP recovered to normal levels for about 2 months after the green tide bloom terminated, and the concentrations of DIN and DIP increased by 7.53 and 0.14 μmol L −1 , extending the whole SYS to 103 × 10 9 mol and 2.0 × 10 9 mol, respectively. Assuming that the annual SGD fluxes into the SYS remained constant, the SGD‐derived DIN and DIP were estimated to be 80 × 10 9 mol and 0.46 × 10 9 mol in this recovery period contributing 78% for DIN and 23% for DIP of the nutrients requirement for recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into the Southern Yellow Sea: A case study for semi‐enclosed and oligotrophic seas‐implication for green tide bloom

Liu

Wang

et al. 2017

JGR Oceans

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The biogenic elements concentrations in a coastal bay/estuary are strongly influenced not only by riverine input but also by submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) which has been identified as a typical process of land/ocean interactions in coastal zones. To assess the role of SGD in nutrient fluxes in the Southern Yellow Sea (SYS), 228Ra activities were measured in seawater collected in May 2014. Analyzing the sources and sinks of 228Ra, the flux of excess 228Ra through SGD was estimated to be (2.2 ± 1.0) ×1015 dpm yr−1. Based on the 228Ra mass balance model, we estimated the average SGD flux to be approximately (1.3 ± 0.87) ×1012 m3 yr−1 over the entire SYS, which is at least 3.3 times the estimated annual delivery from the Changjiang River into the SYS (∼1.3 × 1011 m3 yr−1). The SGD‐derived biogenic elements loads (dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphorus (DIP) and silicon (DSi)) were estimated as (487 ± 384) × 109 mol yr−1, (2.8 ± 2.2) × 109 mol yr−1, and (313 ± 259) × 109 mol yr−1, respectively, which are approximately 18 times, 7 times and 13 times the riverine input from both mainland China and Korea. The accumulation nutrient fluxes derived by SGD may play one of the most important roles in the green tide bloom that originated from the Subei Shoal zone in the SYS. Additionally, DIN and DIP via SGD can provide the necessary amounts of nutrient for recovering nutrient concentrations to normal levels after the green tide bloom is terminated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into the Southern Yellow Sea: A case study for semi‐enclosed and oligotrophic seas‐implication for green tide bloom

Liu

Wang

et al. 2017

JGR Oceans

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“…The trends in pollutant discharge in both coastal areas and the Yangtze River were similar regarding changes in DIN. Influenced by similar eutrophication changes in both the Yangtze River and coastal areas along the South Yellow Sea, the nitrate concentration increased sharply while the ammonium (ammonia) concentration decreased significantly in the South Yellow Sea since 2006 (Li et al, ; Shi, Qi, Tang, & Han, ).…”

Section: Changes In Marine Nutrients and Green Tides In The Yellow Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Macroalgal blooms caused by marine nutrient changes resulting from human activities

Wang

2020

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Macroalgal blooms (green tides) are occurring more frequently in many regions of the world, leading to significant impacts on marine ecology and economies. Although many studies and hypotheses have been proposed, the exact mechanism of green tide formation remains unclear. The world's largest green tides recur in the Yellow Sea and this area is representative for studying the origin and mechanism of green tide formation. We conducted a meta‐analysis of studies related to green tides and associated hypotheses for their formation. Rapid industrialization/urbanization and environmental protection actions in coastal zones have led to an increase in nitrate (nitrite) and decline in ammonium (ammonia), and this has resulted in increasing levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in seawater. We found that presence of appropriate attachment substrates for Ulva including laver culture rafts and certain hydrological conditions are supplementary factors to green tide formation in the Yellow Sea. Changes in marine nutrient levels promote the production of nitric oxide, which is essential for Ulva sporulation. Consequently, numerous spores are created and attach to substrates including laver culture rafts and parent Ulva thalli. These spores then develop into new thalli that are capable of producing further spores. As a result, Ulva thalli rapidly occupy vast areas of the sea and develop into green tides. Synthesis and applications. Our synthesis identifies that escalating marine nitric oxide generation caused by various factors and its essential role in Ulva sporulation are underlying and significant components in the mechanism of green tide formation. We provide solutions such as the improvement of comprehensive management of aquaculture and strict restriction of marine nitrate pollution, to prevent green tides. Furthermore, we propose an innovative wastewater treatment programme combined with Ulva application to fulfil the standard of sustainable development and circular economy.

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Physiological functional traits explain morphological variation of Ulva prolifera during the drifting of green tides

Chen

Zhao

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Ulva prolifera green tides, one of the greatest marine ecological disasters, originate in the southern Yellow Sea of China and obtain the highest biomass in Haizhou Bay (latitude around 35° N) during northward drift. U. prolifera shows different morphologies from southern Haizhou Bay (SH) to northern Haizhou Bay (NH). Owing to the distinct nutrient environments between SH and NH, we hypothesized that thalli in NH with poor nutrients increased the surface area to volume ratio (SA:VOL) to better absorb nutrients. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the SA:VOL of thalli in SH and NH. The results showed that the thalli in NH had a lower SA:VOL than those in SH, and SA:VOL had positive relationships with temperature and nutrients, contrary to the general hypothesis. The novel results suggested that morphological differences of U. prolifera were the result of developmental state rather than environmental acclimation. Indicators of reproduction (reproductive allocation ratio) were negatively related to variation in tissue contents of C, N, P, and crude protein, whereas indicators of growth (tissue contents of C, N, P, and crude protein) showed significant positive influences on SA:VOL. The results indicated that a trade‐off relationship between reproduction and growth existed in the northward drift. All the results suggested that physiological functional traits affected morphological variation of U. prolifera in different environmental conditions during the drifting of green tides. This study presents new insights into the opportunist species nature of U. prolifera through morphological variation and associated functional consequences.

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Spatial and temporal nutrient variations in the Yellow Sea and their effects on Ulva prolifera blooms

Cited by 119 publications

References 35 publications

Submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into the Southern Yellow Sea: A case study for semi‐enclosed and oligotrophic seas‐implication for green tide bloom

Submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient fluxes into the Southern Yellow Sea: A case study for semi‐enclosed and oligotrophic seas‐implication for green tide bloom

Macroalgal blooms caused by marine nutrient changes resulting from human activities

Physiological functional traits explain morphological variation of Ulva prolifera during the drifting of green tides

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