Spatial and temporal properties of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus.

Derrington, Andrew M.; Fuchs, Albert F.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012893

Cited by 121 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…As is well known, V1 receives LGN input from X and Y cells, which themselves carry high-and low-SF input from retina with a ratio of Ϸ3:1 in optimal SF (37,38), which is similar to the ratio observed for our data (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The organization of orientation and spatial frequency in primary visual cortex

Sirovich

Uglesich²

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many studies have demonstrated that the primary visual cortex contains multiple functional maps of visual properties (e.g., ocular dominance, orientation preference, and spatial-frequency preference), but as yet no consistent picture has emerged as to how these maps are related to one another. Three divergent, prior opticalimaging studies of spatial frequency are reanalyzed and critiqued in this article. Evidence is presented that a nonstimulus-specific response biased the interpretation of results in previous studies. In addition to reexamining four prior cat experiments, we carried out one new experiment. Through the use of different methods and a careful removal of the nonspecific response, we are led in all instances to a unique view of cortical organization for spatialfrequency preference. In particular, we find little apparent evidence for a columnar organization for spatial frequency. The response recorded by each image pixel may be viewed as arising from an admixture of low-and high-spatial-frequency populations. For most pixels, the ratio of these populations is 1:1.optical imaging ͉ nonspecific response ͉ generalized indicator ͉ function analysis T he retinotopic map relates an element of visual space to an element of cortical tissue. Neurons in the primary visual cortex are known to be differentially sensitive to orientation, , and spatial frequency (SF), k, of corresponding image elements that appear in visual space. ‡ Thus, it may be said that the primary visual cortex maps visual space through a local Fourier analysis (1, 2). The process by which this mapping takes place, although not fully understood, is known to involve information processing by the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and primary visual cortex area V1 (V1) and feedback from higher areas.Casting aside the nature of neuronal circuitry, the functional layout of the primary visual cortex is well established for orientation preference and ocular dominance. Anatomical (3-5) and optical-imaging (6-9) studies have elaborated and extended the columnar view of V1 that emerged from electrophysiology (10, 11). Less can be said of the representation of SF. Extensive electrophysiological recordings (12-17) and optical-imaging experiments have not provided a consistent picture of SF layout. The situation can be further complicated if variations in the temporal properties of the stimuli are included (18).One series of optical-imaging studies (7,(19)(20)(21)(22) advanced the viewpoint that the orientation layout of V1 is organized into high-and low-SF preference columns. From this view, it follows that only a single map is needed to characterize SF. This map contains regions corresponding to high and low SF with opposite signs. Thus high-and low-SF stimuli result in responses of opposite signatures. An obvious shortcoming is that intermediate SF would lead to null or near-null results. On the other hand, Everson et al. (23) reported that SF preference is continuously distributed and that at least two maps are required to depict SF represen...

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The organization of orientation and spatial frequency in primary visual cortex

Sirovich

Uglesich²

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…LGN cells are sensitive to as high a spatial frequency as area 17 neurons (Derrington and Fuchs, 1979). Furthermore, studies on the guinea pig showed that retinal Y cells respond to the contrastenvelope stimuli (Demb et al, 2001).…”

Section: Organization Of Envelope Processing Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Basis for Stereopsis from Second-Order Contrast Cues

Tanaka¹,

Ohzawa²

2006

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Humans and animals use visual cues such as brightness and color boundaries to identify objects and navigate through environments. However, even when these cues are not available, we can effortlessly perform these tasks by using second-order cues such as contrast variation (envelope) of patterns on surfaces. Previously, numerous psychophysical studies examined properties of binocular depth processing based on the contrast-envelope cues and suggested the existence of a stereo system that uses these cues. However, its physiological substrate has not been identified yet. Here, we show that a subset of cortical neurons in cat area 18 show binocular interactions for the contrast-envelope stimuli. These neurons are capable of representing a variety of depths in the three-dimensional space based on the information available from contrast cues alone. Furthermore, these neurons show similar disparity-tuning curves for borders defined by both luminance and contrast cues. This cue-invariant tuning is consistent with a linear binocular convergence model for monocular luminance and contrast-envelope processing pathways.

show abstract

“…These include (1) mechanisms within single cells (the time delay between center and surround responses in LGN RFs), (2) mechanisms across a population of cells (the correlation between response latency and RF size reported previously) (Derrington and Fuchs, 1979;So and Shapley, 1979;Sestokas and Lehmkuhle, 1986;Weng et al, 2005), and (3) mechanisms within a network (the time delay between feedforward excitation and feedforward inhibition). For each of these mechanisms, we incrementally vary model parameters and measure SF tuning of the model cortical cells.…”

Section: Relating Coarse-to-fine Dynamics In Lgn and Visual Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Spatial Processing Originates in Early Visual Pathways

Allen

Freeman²

2006

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A variety of studies in the visual system demonstrate that coarse spatial features are processed before those of fine detail. This aspect of visual processing is assumed to originate in striate cortex, where single cells exhibit a refinement of spatial frequency tuning over the duration of their response. However, in early visual pathways, well known temporal differences are present between center and surround components of receptive fields. Specifically, response latency of the receptive field center is relatively shorter than that of the surround. This spatiotemporal inseparability could provide the basis of coarse-to-fine dynamics in early and subsequent visual areas. We have investigated this possibility with three separate approaches. First, we predict spatial-frequency tuning dynamics from the spatiotemporal receptive fields of 118 cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Second, we compare these linear predictions to measurements of tuning dynamics obtained with a subspace reverse correlation technique. We find that tuning evolves dramatically in thalamic cells, and that tuning changes are generally consistent with the temporal differences between spatiotemporal receptive field components. Third, we use a model to examine how different sources of dynamic input from early visual pathways can affect tuning in cortical cells. We identify two mechanisms capable of producing substantial dynamics at the cortical level: (1) the center-surround delay in individual LGN neurons, and (2) convergent input from multiple cells with different receptive field sizes and response latencies. Overall, our simulations suggest that coarse-to-fine tuning in the visual cortex can be generated completely by a feedforward process.

show abstract

Spatial and temporal properties of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus.

Cited by 121 publications

References 29 publications

The organization of orientation and spatial frequency in primary visual cortex

The organization of orientation and spatial frequency in primary visual cortex

Neural Basis for Stereopsis from Second-Order Contrast Cues

Dynamic Spatial Processing Originates in Early Visual Pathways

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About