Spatial and temporal response patterns on the eight-arm radial maze

Dale, Robert

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90370-7

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Over the laps in which animals showed such pausing at the final choice point, behavioral performance (correct choices) increased sharply (Figure 1 B). We interpret this as consistent with the idea that pausing behavior reflects processing beyond simple stimulus-response processes, indicating the engagement of flexible decision-making or “planning” systems (Dale, 1986 ; Tolman, 1948 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Covert expectation-of-reward in rat ventral striatum at decision points

Meer

Redish

2009

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

158

213

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Flexible decision-making strategies (such as planning) are a key component of adaptive behavior, yet their neural mechanisms have remained resistant to experimental analysis. Theories of planning require prediction and evaluation of potential future rewards, suggesting that reward signals may covertly appear at decision points. To test this idea, we recorded ensembles of ventral striatal neurons on a spatial decision task, in which hippocampal ensembles are known to represent future possibilities at decision points. We found representations of reward which were not only activated at actual reward delivery sites, but also at a high-cost choice point and before error correction. This expectation-of-reward signal at decision points was apparent at both the single cell and the ensemble level, and vanished with behavioral automation. We conclude that ventral striatal representations of reward are more dynamic than suggested by previous reports of reward- and cue-responsive cells, and may provide the necessary signal for evaluation of internally generated possibilities considered during flexible decision-making.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Covert expectation-of-reward in rat ventral striatum at decision points

Meer

Redish

2009

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

158

213

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“…Differently from the water maze, the radial arm maze offers greater opportunities to use associative mechanisms and other strategies for formation of the cognitive map (Hodges, 1996). A sequential entry strategy also has been observed when animals were tested in an unconfined appetitive radial maze, and it has been argued that the animal may use sensory (kinesthetic) cues rather than spatial navigating capabilities (Dale, 1986;Roullet and Lassalle, 1995;Schwegler and Crusio, 1995). The same argument may apply in the present experiment, although it is also questionable whether kinesthetic strategies would have predominated over the spatial cognitive capabilities of the rats.…”

Section: Number Of Testing Days Pre-and Post-ischemiamentioning

confidence: 95%

A novel version of the 8-arm radial maze: effects of cerebral ischemia on learning and memory

Paganelli

Benetolli

Lima

et al. 2004

Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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“…The mean rank on nonrewarded trials was significantly higher than the mean rank on rewarded trials [t(5) = 7.96], and all of the mean differ- These data were analyzed further to determine what response patterns the animals developed to partially track the four patterns. Typically, it has been found that rats on a radial maze display response patterns of entering adjacent arms or every second arm in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, with random choice of arms only occasionally seen (Dale, 1986;Foreman, 1985;Higashida & Ogawa, 1987). In the present experiment, 5 of the subjects showed an early tendency to enter every second arm, and the remaining subject tended to enter adjacent arms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-pattern learning by rats on an eight-arm radial maze

Wathen

Roberts

1994

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Rats were trained over a number of sessions on an eight-arm radial maze with eight trials on each session. Each of four arms on the maze contained a different pattern formed by sequences of reward (two pellets) or nonreward (no pellets) over successive trials within sessions. The patterns were single alternation, double alternation, and two patterns in which four rewards or four nonrewards were preceded and followed by two nonrewards or two rewards, respectively. The other four arms on the maze served as control arms and always contained one pellet. It was found that rats tracked all of these patterns when they were required to climb over barriers to enter and leave arms. However, rats showed no ability to extrapolate patterns beyond the training trials. These findings, and a further analysis of arm-choice stereotypy, led to the conclusion that rats tracked by using a trial-number strategy.Phelps and Roberts (1991) reported three experiments in which quantity of reward was varied across trials on each arm of a four-arm radial maze within daily sessions. It was found that rats could track two patterns simultaneously over successive trials. In two experiments, these patterns consisted of either (1) long strings of reward or nonreward or (2) single-and double-alternation patterns of reward and nonreward. In another experiment, monotonically increasing. and decreasing patterns of reward magnitude were used. Pattern tracking was measured by the order in which arms of the maze were entered within successive trials. Accurate tracking of these predictable patterns was indicated by low ranks of arm entry on trials when an arm contained reward and high ranks of arm entry on trials when an arm contained nonreward. Patterns that changed in a less predictable, quasi-random manner were not well tracked.Tracking on the radial maze was studied further in three experiments reported here, in which procedures different from those employed by Phelps and Roberts were used. The four-arm radial maze used by Phelps and Roberts puts a severe limitation on the number of patterns that can be studied. Problems arise if four predictable patterns are used, one assigned to each arm of the maze. All four patterns may program a reward on the same trial. Because the arms of the maze can only be entered in sequential order, it is necessary that one rewarded arm will be entered first and be assigned the lowest possible rank of 1, whereas another rewarded arm will be

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Spatial and temporal response patterns on the eight-arm radial maze

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Covert expectation-of-reward in rat ventral striatum at decision points

Covert expectation-of-reward in rat ventral striatum at decision points

A novel version of the 8-arm radial maze: effects of cerebral ischemia on learning and memory

Multiple-pattern learning by rats on an eight-arm radial maze

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