Spatial and temporal variability of the North Korean Cold Water leading to the near-bottom cold water intrusion in Korea Strait

Yun, Jae-Yul; Magaard, Lorenz; Kim, Kuh; Shin, Chang-Woong; Kim, Cheolsoo; Byun, Sung‒Hoon

doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2003.11.004

Cited by 59 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The KSBCW water mass is the dominant contributor to the bottom layer during the stratification periods, especially during autumn. On the basis of other studies, which have found that the water temperature of the KSBCW is below 10 8C, Yun et al (2004) concluded that this water mass flows from June to January, with a stronger intrusion into the KTS in summer. However, in this study, we were able to identify the appearance of KSBCW from the existence of another thermocline below the thermocline in the bottom layer (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…5). Since water types of the western KTS have not previously been described using T-S diagrams, we used the water type definitions of Gong et al (1996) for the northern East China Sea, which lies at the entrance of the KTS, and of Yun et al (2004) The initial seasonal mixing in winter resulted in nutrients that were situated beneath the stratification layer ascending through the water column, leading to an increased concentration of nutrients in the upper layer (Fig. 3, Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water types were defined by Gong et al (1996) in the northern East China Sea. The Tsushima Current Warm Water (TCWW), the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW), the Yellow Sea Mixing Water (YSMW) and the Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water (KSBCW) were defined by Yun et al (2004). layer are approximately twice as high in autumn as in spring. The KSBCW water mass is the dominant contributor to the bottom layer during the stratification periods, especially during autumn.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have shown that the water masses through the KTS exhibit complicated and substantial seasonal and interannual variation (Teague et al 2003;Yun et al 2004;Li et al 2006), which can affect nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics. However, to date, the majority of studies investigating phytoplankton (Park & Park 1997;Chung et al 1998) and nutrient levels (Lee 1999;Kim & Lee 2004) have focused on specific periods, especially summer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient distribution and effects on phytoplankton assemblages in the western Korea/Tsushima Strait

Jang

Shin

Baek

et al. 2013

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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In this study, we investigated the relationship between seasonal/annual variation in water masses and nutrients, and the effects of nutrients on phytoplankton assemblages in the western Korea/ Tsushima Strait. We collected water samples at least once per month from March 2006 to January 2008. There was seasonal variation in nutrient concentrations, with higher values in winter than in summer, and there was annual variation in chlorophyll-a concentration and phytoplankton abundance during spring, with values being approximately three and 10 times higher, respectively, in 2007 than in 2006. Phytoplankton abundance was also approximately four times higher in 2007 than in 2006 during the stratification periods. Our findings suggest that when the supply of nutrients to the upper layer is increased as a result of the Tsushima Warm Water Current and the effect of typhoons, they regulate the abundance and composition of phytoplankton assemblages in the Korea/Tsushima Strait, inducing a succession from flagellates to diatoms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutrient distribution and effects on phytoplankton assemblages in the western Korea/Tsushima Strait

Jang

Shin

Baek

et al. 2013

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…The locations of high cod catches in Korean waters were usually found in deep water nearby the coast because the subsurface cold water known as the North Korean Cold Water which exists close to the eastern coast of Korea (Yun et al 2004). Even though warming is the unequivocal trend over the Korean Peninsula and in the East/Japan Sea, coastal subsurface along the east coast seems to be consistently cool through years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological relationship between environmental factors and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) catch in the southern East/Japan Sea

Chung

Kim

Sukyung

2013

Animal Cells and Systems

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The habitat characteristics of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and the ecological relationship between Pacific cod catch and environmental parameters in the southern East/Japan Sea were investigated. Pacific cod is sexually matured at age of 4-5. The highest catch of Pacific cod off the eastern Korean Peninsula occurred in seawater temperature range of 0-4°C and salinity range of 33.8-34.2 practical salinity unit at 100 m. The Cross-Correlation Function analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between Pacific cod catch and February seawater temperature at 75 m nearby spawning area with a time lag of 5 years in Korean waters (r = -0.360, p < 0.05). The annual catch of Pacific cod also had a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with zooplankton biomass in coastal nursery areas with a time lag, i.e., the highest ones, r = 0.432 and r = 0.452, for total zooplankton biomass in June of 5 years ago, and for euphausiids abundance in February of 4 years ago from the period when Pacific cod was caught, respectively. Furthermore, total catches of Pacific cod in the southern East/Japan Sea (i.e., sum of Korean and Japanese catches) were negatively correlated with winter Arctic Oscillation Index, and the highest negative correlation (r = -0.364, p < 0.05) was shown with a time lag of 4 years. Considering sexual maturation at ages 4-5, such statistical analyses imply that biotic and abiotic environmental factors during the early life stages of Pacific cod have a significant influence on recruitment after 4-5 years of spawning.

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Distinct characteristics of the intermediate water observed off the east coast of Korea during two contrasting years

et al. 2016

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The intermediate water known as “East Sea Intermediate Water” found south of the Subpolar Front (SF) is known to be formed in the northern East/Japan Sea (EJS), and its physical properties are determined by wintertime air‐sea interaction north of the SF. Hydrographic data collected off the Korean coast show significant decadal oscillations in spiciness (π) following isopycnals of intermediate layer, which are explained by the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and consequent cold‐air outbreaks. During positive AO phases, the cold‐air outbreak and water formation are more active and the intermediate water having the same π reaches higher density (higher π following the same isopycnals). At interannual time scale, however, the π variability is well beyond the relationship with the AO. Especially, significantly lower π (both fresher and colder) intermediate water was observed in spring of 2010 than 2001 under the same surface net‐heat flux peaks in the northern EJS in the two winters. Such contrasting characteristics of intermediate water between 2001 and 2010 are consistent with the HYCOM reanalysis results which indicate widespread extension of low‐ (high‐) π intermediate water in the southwestern EJS in 2010 (2001). A clear contrast in circulation pattern is suggested to derive the distinctly different characteristics of the intermediate water. Northward penetration of the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) inhibited the southward extension of the intermediate water in 2001 off the east coast of Korea. On the other hand, the EKWC that poorly developed in 2010 allowed low‐π intermediate water to prevail in the southwestern EJS.

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Spatial and temporal variability of the North Korean Cold Water leading to the near-bottom cold water intrusion in Korea Strait

Cited by 59 publications

References 8 publications

Nutrient distribution and effects on phytoplankton assemblages in the western Korea/Tsushima Strait

Nutrient distribution and effects on phytoplankton assemblages in the western Korea/Tsushima Strait

Ecological relationship between environmental factors and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) catch in the southern East/Japan Sea

Distinct characteristics of the intermediate water observed off the east coast of Korea during two contrasting years

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