Spatial and temporal variations of aerosol sulfate and trace elements in a sourcedominated urban environment

Bizjak, M.; Benner, W. Henry; Hansen, A. D. A.; Hrček, Dušan; Hudnik, V.; Novakov, T.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90451-9

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This particle size information and the SO4 2-/(SO2 + SO4 2-) ratios suggest SO2 to SO4 2conversion by a heterogeneous mechanism. Results of studies in Ljubljana, Slovenia (19,20) are also consistent with the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 on carbonaceous particles. During the first episode, the concentrations of fine particles, carbon, Fe, and Mn were substantially higher than during the second episode.…”

Section: Modeling Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Czech Air Quality Monitoring and Receptor Modeling Study

and¹,

Stevens²,

and³

et al. 1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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An ongoing air quality monitoring program in the Czech Republic has provided nearly continuous data for the concentrations of aerosol and gas-phase pollutants since its inception in February 1992. In addition to PM-2.5 concentrations, the concentrations of sulfate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, trace elements (Al−Pb), and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured. Fine particulate matter (PM-2.5) was composed mainly of organic carbon and sulfate with smaller amounts of trace metals. Coarse particle mass concentrations were typi cally between 10 and 30% of PM-2.5 concentrations. The chemical composition of emissions from power plants, residential space heating, local factories, and motor vehicles was also characterized. The ambient monitoring and source characterization data were then used in receptor modeling calculations, the results of which indicate that residential space heating and power plant emissions ac counted for most of fine particle mass concentrations observed during winter air pollution episodes. Motor vehicles, incinerators, and windblown dust contributed to the balance of the fine particle mass. Peak 24-h average TSP and SO2 concentrations (1100 and 800 μg/m3, respectively) obtained at the main monitoring site at Teplice in northern Bohemia during a severe air pollution episode in 1993 were within a factor of 2 of smoke and SO2 concentrations (1800 and 1600 μg/m3) measured in London during the smog episode of December 5−9, 1952. That pollution episode was thought to have contributed to a substantial increase in mortality.

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Section: Modeling Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Czech Air Quality Monitoring and Receptor Modeling Study

and¹,

Stevens²,

and³

et al. 1998

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The collection of the particles was integral, with an extremely simple and very cheap sampling device, and the sampling period was 2 weeks.14,15 In the present experiments the sampling periods were short enough and set up in the daytime so as not to overlap with the night-time, which is important from the point of view of representative sampling. 16 The distances of the power plant sampling sites were 50 m (LR1) and 2 km (LR2) to the plume. Site LR2 was on the bank of the lake supplying water for the power plant (Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

XPS and EPMA study of size-fractionated ambient aerosol particles collected in urban and industrial areas

Tóth

Beszeda

Cserháti

et al. 1997

Surf. Interface Anal.

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Ambient aerosol particles were studied by XPS (ESCA) and electron probe microanalysis energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EPMA‐EDX) in a non‐destructive way. For sampling, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) samplers were used in Battelle‐type cascade impactors. Sampling locations and times were: Visonta (North Hungary), at a coal‐fired power plant at two sites, 23 September 1992; Debrecen city centre, in 3 h periods as a function of daytime, 11 November 1992. From XPS the chemical states of the compounds of the particles could be identified mainly as NHx, SO42−, soot and SiO2. By XPS, correlation could be found between the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content of the particles of 0.5 and 1 μm size fractions. The concentration ratios of sulphur (S) distribution between the 0.5 and 1 μm particles showed higher S content in the smaller fraction. In Visonta these EDX S ratios were similar at both sites, while the XPS ratio was smaller far from the plume. In Debrecen the ratios were smaller than in Visonta with both methods. In Debrecen during the daytime periods the EDX ratios showed a maximum at the noon period, while the XPS ratios decreased. Surface enrichment of S was very changeable as a function of sampling places and time periods. The S enrichment factors changed from 1.5 to 5.5 in the 0.5 and 1 μm particle fractions. The EDX elemental (Al, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn) concentrations of the particles were discussed as tracers of different sources of aerosols. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The principal reactions involved in acid rain formation are illustrated in Figure 1. Although gas-phase oxidation of SO2 by OH* radical contributes to acid formation, aqueous-phase oxidation pathways are believed to be more important, as illustrated by the substantial increase in SO2 oxidation rates in power plant plumes that impact fog banks (12,13). Principal aqueous-phase oxidants for SO2 are H2O2, O3, and, in the presence of transition metal ions, O2, with H2O2 playing the most important role in the Northeast (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Environmental Laboratory Exercise: Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Lee

Weinstein-Lloyd

1995

J. Chem. Educ.

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In this experiment, students analyze precipitation samples for trace concentrations of H2O2 using a newly developed fluorescence technique (Fenton method). Analysis is based on the production of OH radical by the reaction between H2O2 and ferrous ion (Fenton's reagent) with subsequent radical scavenging by benzoic acid. Unlike standard spectroscopic and titrimetric techniques, Fenton--hydrobenzoic acid analysis is sensitive enough for the determination of ambient peroxide in precipitation. In contrast to a more sensitive enzyme-based method, the reagents required are inexpensive and easily available. Reagent solutions are stable, making this experiment well-suited for the undergraduate laboratory.

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Spatial and temporal variations of aerosol sulfate and trace elements in a sourcedominated urban environment

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Czech Air Quality Monitoring and Receptor Modeling Study

Czech Air Quality Monitoring and Receptor Modeling Study

XPS and EPMA study of size-fractionated ambient aerosol particles collected in urban and industrial areas

Environmental Laboratory Exercise: Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

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