Spatial behavior and habitat use in widely separated breeding and wintering distributions across three species of long‐distance migrant Phylloscopus warblers

Abstract

Aim To investigate the ecological relationship between breeding and wintering in specialist and generalist long‐distance migratory species, and the links between densities and range sizes. Location Denmark, Senegal and Ghana. Methods We use radio tracking to study spatial behavior and habitat use in three morphologically and ecologically similar and closely related Phylloscopus species on their widely separated breeding and wintering distributions. During wintering and breeding, willow warblers P. trochilus (winter: n = 9, breeding: n = 13), chiffchaffs P. collybita (n = 11, n = 7), and wood warblers P. sibilatrix (n = 17, n = 14) were tracked. Results Willow warblers P. trochilus increased home range sizes in winter, whereas it was similar in chiffchaffs P. collybita and wood warblers P. sibilatrix, in both seasons. Home ranges overlapped more in winter than in the breeding season. In winter, home range overlap was similar among species but larger overlap during breeding was indicated for willow warblers. Tree cover was unrelated to home range size but significantly higher in breeding than in winter in all species. However, whereas willow warblers and wood warblers maintained some degree of tall tree cover inside their home ranges in winter, chiffchaffs changed from more than 80% to <1% tree cover, indicating a niche shift. Main conclusions Individuals of all three species showed changes between breeding and wintering areas in spatial behavior and habitat availability, with larger overlap in winter. The differences in patterns were potentially related to being generalist (willow warbler) or specialist (chiffchaff and wood warbler). These ecological relationships are important for the conservation of migrants and for understanding the link between breeding and wintering distributions and ecology.

Multi-scale settlement patterns of a migratory songbird in a European primaeval forest

“…Assessing associations between animal and habitat distribution requires data collection at comparable spatial resolutions and extents. Species data is commonly mapped at high resolution using field surveys or telemetry (Melin et al 2018;Lerche-Jørgensen et al 2019), but large-scale analyses can be hampered by the difficulty of achieving similar detail and extent for mapping complex habitats, such as forest. Remote sensing overcomes this limitation, with multi-spectral and LiDAR (light detection and ranging) imagery enabling powerful analyses of habitat and vegetation structure at multiple spatial scales, comparable to most animal data (Gottschalk et al 2005;Broughton et al 2012a;Hill et al 2014).…”