Spatial co-occurrence patterns of sympatric large carnivores in a multi-use African system

Abstract

Interspecific interactions can be a key driver of habitat use, and must be accounted for in conservation planning. However, spatial partitioning between African carnivores, and how this varies with scale, remains poorly understood. Furthermore, most studies have taken place within small or highly protected areas, rather than in the heterogeneous, mixed-use landscapes characteristic of much of modern Africa. Here, we provide one of the first empirical investigations into population-level competitive interactions among an African large carnivore guild. We collected detection/non-detection data for an eastern African large carnivore guild in Tanzania’s Ruaha-Rungwa conservation landscape, over an area of ~45,000 km2. We then applied conditional co-occupancy models to investigate co-occurrence between lion, leopard, and African wild dog, at two biologically meaningful scales. Co-occurrence patterns of cheetah and spotted hyaena could not be modelled. After accounting for habitat and detection effects, we found some evidence of wild dog avoidance of lion at the home range scale, and strong evidence of fine-scale avoidance. We found no evidence of interspecific exclusion of leopard by lion; rather, positive associations were observed at both scales, suggesting shared habitat preferences. We found little evidence of leopard habitat use being affected by wild dog. Our findings also reveal some interspecific effects on species detection, at both scales. In most cases, habitat use was driven more strongly by other habitat effects, such as biotic resources or anthropogenic pressures, than by interspecific pressures, even where evidence of the latter was present. Overall, our results help shed light on interspecific effects within an assemblage that has rarely been examined at this scale. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of sign-based co-occurrence modelling to describe interspecific spatial patterns of sympatric large carnivores across large scales. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for large carnivore conservation in modern African systems.

Occurrence and temporal overlap of sympatric jungle cats and leopard cats in Parsa‒Koshi Complex, Nepal

“…Sympatric carnivores often display adaptations and behaviors 9 , that allow them to use different food sources 10 and occupy distinct ecological niches 11 to reduce direct competition 10 , 12 and facilitate their cohabitation 13 . In African savannas, sympatric carnivore species such as lions ( Panthera leo ), leopards ( P. pardus ), and African wild dogs ( Lycaon pictus ) share the same habitat 14 . As top predators, carnivores can exert control over prey populations by influencing their distribution and abundance 15 and regulate trophic cascades 16 , 17 .…”

Different coexistence patterns between apex carnivores and mesocarnivores based on temporal, spatial, and dietary niche partitioning analysis in Qilian Mountain National Park, China

“…Spatially, carnivore species within the same geographic area exhibit distinct distributions that minimize overlap in resource use and competition. For example, carnivores can partition habitats based on habitat feature preferences and availability of prey (De Satgé et al, 2017;Garrote and Pérez De Ayala, 2019;Gołdyn et al, 2003;Strampelli et al, 2023). Temporally, differences in seasonal or daily activity patterns among sympatric carnivores can reduce competitive interactions and facilitate coexistence.…”

“…For example, carnivores can exhibit dietary specialization to optimize their foraging efficiency and minimize competitive pressures (Steinmetz et al, 2021). Currently, research on the niche partitioning of sympatric carnivores primarily focuses on one or two dimensions, with little attention paid to all three (Alexander et al, 2016;Karanth et al, 2017;Li et al, 2022a;Santos et al, 2019;Shao et al, 2021;Strampelli et al, 2023;Tsunoda et al, 2020;Vilella et al, 2020). This limitation restricts the multi-scale understanding of coexistence mechanisms among carnivores.…”

Interplay of competition and facilitation in grazing succession by migrant Serengeti herbivores

“…Positive spatial associations should be stronger in open grasslands in wet years, when taller grasses provide cover for ambush predators, and in areas with high-risk landscape features such as river courses [based on a 50-year spatial dataset of lion predation risk ( 26 )] regardless of rainfall or fire. We rely on lion predation as an overall proxy for ambush risk because cheetahs select the same small-scale areas as lions ( 27 ) and leopards’ habitat preferences are highly congruent with lions’ ( 28 ). By contrast, spotted hyenas and African wild dogs make no attempt at concealment and first disturb the herds to identify vulnerable individuals ( 29 , 30 ).…”