Spatial community variability: Interactive effects of predators and isolation on stochastic community assembly

Abstract

In the absence of environmental heterogeneity, spatial variation among local communities can be mostly attributed to demographic stochasticity (i.e., ecological drift) and historical contingency in colonization (i.e. random dispersal and priority effects). The consequences of demographic stochasticity are highly dependent on community size, gamma, and alpha diversity, which, along with historical contingency, can be strongly affected by dispersal limitation and the presence of predators. We used freshwater insect communities to experimentally test whether and how the presence of a generalist predatory fish and dispersal limitation (i.e., isolation by distance from a source habitat) can change the relative importance of stochastic and non-stochastic processes on community variability. We found that dispersal limitation can have both negative and positive effects on community variability, and their importance may depend on the presence of predatory fish. Negative effects happened because predatory insects cannot always successfully colonize highly isolated ponds, causing herbivores and detritivores to increase in abundance. As a consequence, community size increases, decreasing the importance of demographic stochasticity on community structure. However, when fish is absent, these effects are counterbalanced by an increase in the importance of priority effects generating more distinct communities in more isolated ponds. Such effects can be caused by either pre or post-colonization mechanisms and were absent in the presence of fish predators, likely because fish prevented both predatory and non-predatory insects from becoming more abundant, irrespective of their order of colonization.