Spatial concentration of Brazilian exports of manufactured products: a microregional analysis considering technological levels

Abstract

Resumo Códigos JEL R12. AbstractThe objective of this study is to analyse the spatial distribution of Brazilian exports of manufactured products considering micro regions and technological intensity. The period under analysis is from 1997 to 2014. To achieve this objective, the micro regional exports were divided into high, medium and low technology; an exports concentration index was built and fi nally, an exploratory analysis of the spatial data was carried out. Results pointed out the existence of exportation clusters for the three types of products, and regarding the low and medium technology products the clusters were seen to be spread throughout Brazil, while the high technology product clusters were seen to be concentrated in the Southeast region.

COVID-19 and employment in Brazilian microregions: A spatial analysis

“…Regionally, the South was more affected, with 65% of its microregions presenting decrease in exports, followed by the Southeast (61%), Center-West (55%), North (50%), and Northeast (37%). Such uneven regional retraction was expected, due to the differences observed in the microregions exports composition (Carmo, Raiher and Stege, 2016). Moreover, Figure 2 also shows certain similarity between the microregions that reduced their exports, as well as similar results from those that managed to keep and increase their international sales.…”

“…Where 𝑡𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑖 is the employment growth rate between March and April 2020; 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑜 𝑖 is the social distancing in April 2020 5 ; 𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜 𝑖 is the total export growth rate between March and April 2020; 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖 is the proportion of companies in the industrial sector in 2018; 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑝𝑢𝑏 𝑖 is the percentage of workers in the public administration in 2018; 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐 𝑖 is the percentage of workers that concluded elementary school; and 𝜖 𝑖 is the random error term. Appendix A describes the correlations between these variables 6 . It is important to mention that Peradpub and Proind are control variables, representing the industrial structure and public sector in the beginning period.…”

“…Sure, there are other factors in these generating jobs process, such as market volatility or shortterm liquidity, meanwhile, how we are analyzing microregions, we believe that these variables have the same locally effect. In this sense, the focus on social distance (local consumption) and variation in exports sales (external demand) is justified in equation (6).…”

“…Thus the higher the index is, the higher the isolation degree estimated for that place is. For a more detailed analysis of this index, see Peixoto, Marcondes, Peixoto, Queiroz, Gouveia, Delgado, Oliva (2020) 6. It seems relevant to highlight that the initial idea was to use the percentage of workers that completed higher education as a proxy for human capital stock.…”

Effect of Exports on the Economic Growth of Brazilian Microregions: An Analysis with Geographically Weighted Regression

“…Figure 6 shows the distribution of such coefficients, evidencing that, although the mean effect of the productivity differential was not statistically significant, in 20% of the microregions this impact exists [ Figure 6(a)]. When observing the location of these microregions, they are seen to be located mainly in the regions Southeast and South of Brazil, which concentrated most of the country exports (Carmo, Raiher, & Stege, 2016). As previously stated, these regions have higher availability of natural resources, better universities and transportation infrastructure, as well as easy access to the external market, due to the proximity to the main ports in the country (Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Paranaguá, Vitória and Itajaí).…”