Spatial correlation between homicide rates and inequality: Evidence from urban neighborhoods

Menezes, Tatiane Almeida de; Silveira-Neto, Raul; Monteiro, Circe Maria Gama; Ratton, José Luiz

doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2013.03.040

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…These findings are as expected and are supported by social disorganization theory (Cullen & Agnew, 2011;Shaw & McKay, 1942;Stark, 1987). The rates were negatively related to population density and to the Gini index of income within the analytical region, a result that is contrary to those from a previously reported model for Recife, Brazil (Menezes et al, 2013). In Medellin, the Gini index of income can be taken as a proxy of social mix within analytical regions because income is the most important factor for separating social groups in this city.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout

et al. 2014

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ElsevierPatiño Quinchía, JE.; Juan Carlos Duque; Pardo Pascual, JE.; Ruiz Fernández, LÁ. (2014). Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout. Applied Geography. 55:48-60. doi:10.1016Geography. 55:48-60. doi:10. /j.apgeog.2014 Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout AbstractThe link between place and crime is at the base of social ecology theories of crime that focus in the relationship of the characteristics of geographical areas and crime rates. The broken windows theory states that visible cues of physical and social disorder in a neighborhood can lead to an increase in more serious crime. The crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) planning approach seeks to deter criminal behavior by creating defensible spaces. Based on the premise that a settlement's appearance is a reflection of the society, we ask whether a neighborhood's design has a quantifiable imprint when seen from space using urban fabric descriptors computed from very high spatial-resolution imagery. We tested which land cover, structure and texture descriptors were significantly related to intra-urban homicide rates in Medellin, Colombia, while controlling for socioeconomic confounders. The percentage of impervious surfaces other than clay roofs, the fraction of clay roofs to impervious surfaces, two structure descriptors related to the homogeneity of the urban layout, and the uniformity texture descriptor were all statistically significant. Areas with higher homicide rates tended to have higher local variation and less general homogeneity; that is, the urban layouts were more crowded and cluttered, with small dwellings with different roofing materials located in close proximity to one another, and these regions often lacked other homogeneous surfaces such as open green spaces, wide roads, or large facilities. These results seem to be in agreement with the broken windows theory and CPTED in the sense that more heterogeneous and disordered urban layouts are associated with higher homicide rates.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout

et al. 2014

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“…In general, understanding and explaining the occurrence of violence require significant efforts to collect information on the issue. Information such as crime rates and socioeconomic variables associated with the population is important for the development of new research [1,2]. Then the data can be used to create strategic options that will help to combat violence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, the use of GIS in the field of criminality has already been reported in several different contexts. Various studies show themes and applications such as the identification of crime spatial patterns [4], spatial diversity of crimes [5], spatial correlation between crime and inequality [2,6], and simulation and agent-based models for exploring crime patterns [7]. However, our intention is to provide an alternative technique, using GIS within the context of crime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Classification Model to Evaluate the Security Level in a City Based on GIS-MCDA

Figueiredo

Mota

2016

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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The aim of this paper is to map the most favorable locations for the occurrence of robberies in the Brazilian city through the multicriteria method Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach. Considering the city divisions with alternatives and evaluating by several spatial criteria, a decision-maker is building a preference model with based previous knowledge. Next, decision rules induced from preference information are introduced to the spatial environment to get the results. The decision rules can be seen as conditional part (represented by criteria) and decision part (assignment to decision classes). The rules classify all the alternatives according to security level. Moreover, the rules help to understand the social dynamics of the city and to assist in the proposition of strategies against violence.

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“…Gawryszewski & Costa, 2005;Lima et al, 2005;Menezes et al, 2013;Pereira et al, 2015;Sachsida et al, 2007). These papers generally relate social, economic and demographic variables collected by BIGS (2015) to homicide rates.…”

Section: Selection Of Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies (e.g. Menezes et al, 2013;Patino et al, 2014;Pereira et al, 2015) show variables related to homicides. Generally, the variables are related to social, economic and demographic characteristics and can be used to identify regions within a city that are more vulnerable to violence (Figueiredo & Mota, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Criteria Approach with Spatial Analysis and Remote Sensing for Public Security Planning

Figueiredo¹,

Pereira²,

Mota³

2017

giforum

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Crime prevention requires planning, the identification of critical places, and allocating resources correctly. In order to ensure crime reduction, the participation of security decision makers is necessary in evaluating criteria that influence crime prevention. The decision maker needs to analyse the best actions to control violence, as well as define where these actions should be allocated. This paper suggests a multi-criteria spatial model associated with remote sensing to identify those areas most vulnerable to homicide and consequently in greatest need of public-policy intervention. The model was applied in a Brazilian neighbourhood, taking into account social, economic and demographic factors, as well as satellite images. We conclude that the spatial analysis approach using multiple criteria is a viable option for mapping crime-vulnerable places, since the areas identified as vulnerable have a similar pattern to official maps showing homicide density. The proposed approach presents some methodological advantages: (1) integration of different approaches; (2) consideration of rasters, excluding the need for polygons; (3) consideration of remote sensing, excluding unnecessary areas from the analysis; (4) little effort is required on the part of the decision maker.

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Spatial correlation between homicide rates and inequality: Evidence from urban neighborhoods

Cited by 49 publications

References 8 publications

Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout

Using remote sensing to assess the relationship between crime and the urban layout

A Classification Model to Evaluate the Security Level in a City Based on GIS-MCDA

Multi-Criteria Approach with Spatial Analysis and Remote Sensing for Public Security Planning

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