Spatial Differentiation and Multiannual Dynamics of Water Conductivity in Lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park

Abstract

Water conductivity in 23 lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park (SLP) was tested in the years 2012–2014. Conductivity profiles were made at the deepest place every two months between spring and autumn water mixing. The collected measurement data, supplemented with historical data, were used to identify factors that shape the spatial variability of water conductivity and to reconstruct its multiannual changes. The range of variability of the mean conductivity of surface water of the SLP lakes ranged from 178 to 522 µS cm−1. The strong negative relationship between conductivity and lake elevation (R = 0.816, p < 0.000) suggests that in the territorially compact complex of the SLP lakes, conductivity is a consequence of the location of the lake in the catchment, which, in turn, affects the structure of its water supply. However, the physical and environmental parameters of the catchment and morphometric parameters of lake basins are of secondary importance. In dimictic lakes and in those showing signs of “spring meromixis”, the magnitude of conductivity differences in the water column is determined by the lakes’ susceptibility to wind mixing expressed by the exposure index value. The developed climate models have also shown that conductivity, an indicator of water quality, is very sensitive to climate change. The analysis of the reconstructed chronological conductivity sequences shows that the deterioration of the quality of the waters of the SLP lakes first occurred at the beginning of the 21st century and a clear increasing trend has been maintained over the last decade.

Modelling Freshwater Eutrophication with Limited Limnological Data Using Artificial Neural Networks

“…For example, wind mixing is more intense during these seasons and can lead to the release of phosphorus and nitrogen from the sediments, a process which favors eutrophication [59]. In addition, based on the sensitivity analysis results, it is concluded that the EC parameter role is not easy to be understood, since it is associated with complex processes such as wind mixing and inorganic dissolved matter inflow from the lake's catchment, e.g., surface runoff and river inflow [60]. Nevertheless, the ANN managed to associate the increased levels of EC with elevated algal production, which possibly shows the effect of increased nutrients on the algal productivity.…”

Study on the characteristics of water resources through electrical conductivity: A case study of Uzbekistan

“…For example, the presence of other ions such as Fe3 +, Fe2 +, Mn2 +, Al3 +, NO3-, HPO4-, H2PO4-, if these ions are not present in large quantities in water, does not affect the electrical conductivity. The reliability of estimating the composition of mineral salts by electrical conductivity is largely affected by the temperature and unequal conductivity of different salts [3,4,10].…”

“…To determine the average estimate of mineralization, the following empirically found ratio can be followed as the amount of salt (mg / l) = 0.65 mS / cm That is, the measured conductivity is multiplied by 0.65 to determine the salt content. In fact, the value of this coefficient varies between 0.55 ÷ 0.75 depending on the type of water [1,3,4]. NaCl content (mg / L) = 0.53 mS / cm or 1 mg / L NaCl provides a conductivity of 1.9 mS / cm.…”

“…(The word moh is the reverse spelling of the unit of resistance.) Since it is a very large unit for measuring the electrical conductivity of fresh water and underground water, microns are used to measure one millionth of Ω [3,4,8]. The term EC is used as a general term for electrical conductivity (EC=electrical conductivity).…”

Ecological Conditions of Luetshokha Lake and its Recharge Potential using Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, Samtengang, Wangdue Bhutan

“…The conductivity was below the optimum range of 200-1,000 uS/cm (Fleming, 2019) that is suitable for most aquatic organisms. In case of Luetshokha lake, low conductivity indicated that the water is not contaminated by inorganic pollutants or run off from the sorrounding catchment area (Borowiak et al, 2020).…”