Spatial distribution and factors associated with modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis

Abstract

Background Evidence suggests that in countries with high fertility and fecundity rates, such as Nigeria, the promotion of modern contraceptive use prevents approximately 32% and 10% of maternal and child mortality, respectively. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of modern contraceptive use and its predictors among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods The study employed a cross-sectional analysis of population-based data involving 24,281 women of reproductive age in Nigeria. The study adopted both multilevel and spatial analyses to identify the predictors of modern contraceptive use and its spatial clustering among women in Nigeria. Results Modern contraceptive use among the study population in Nigeria ranged from 0% to 75%, with regional variations. The spatial analysis showed that areas with a low proportion of modern contraceptive use were Sokoto, Yobe, Borno, Katsina, Zamfara, Kebbi, Niger, Taraba and Delta. Areas with a high proportion of modern contraceptive use were Lagos, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Federal capital territory, Plateau, Adamawa, Imo, and Bayelsa. The multilevel analysis revealed that at the individual level, women with secondary/higher education, women from the Yoruba ethnic group, those who had four children and above, and those exposed to mass media had higher odds of using modern contraceptives. On the other hand, women who were 35 years and above, those who were married, and women who were practicing Islam were less likely to use modern contraceptives. At the household/community level, women from the richest households, those residing in communities with medium knowledge of modern contraceptive methods, and women residing in communities with a high literacy level were more likely to use modern contraceptives. Conclusion There were major variations in the use of modern contraception across various regions in Nigeria. As a result, areas with low contraceptive rates should be given the most deserving attention by promoting contraceptive education and use as well as considering significant factors at the individual and household/community levels.

Spatial distribution and factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria: a multi-level analysis

“…A possible reason for this finding could be that adolescents who are with the Igbo ethnic group have multiple sexual partners, increasing their likelihood of getting pregnant [ 38 ]. Another possible reason for this finding could be the low access and utilization of contraceptives among adolescents with the Igbo ethnic group, increasing their likelihood of getting pregnant [ 46 , 47 ]. Oluwasanu [ 35 ] specifically found that only 8.7, 7.8 and 5.8% of women used condoms, intrauterine devices (IUDs) and pills, respectively.…”

Multilevel Modelling of the Individual and Regional Level Variability in Predictors of Incomplete Antenatal Care Visit among Women of Reproductive Age in Ethiopia: Classical and Bayesian Approaches

“…Previous research in sub-Saharan Africa showed that different sociodemographic factors, such as age, educational status, wealth index, geographical location (urban-rural), husband’s occupation, marital status, and wealth status, are associated with ANC utilization [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. For instance, recent studies in Ethiopia (e.g., [ 2 ]), Nigeria (e.g., [ 19 , 20 ]), and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa [ 21 ] suggested that the likelihood of not receiving ANC was high among poor women, due to inadequate financing, the non-availability of competent and skilled health care providers in rural areas, distance to ANC facilities, and inadequate or poor-quality health services.…”

Spatial variations in family planning demand to limit childbearing and the demand satisfied with modern methods in sub-Saharan Africa

“…While evidence from descriptive studies suggests geographic variation in the demand for family planning to limit childbearing and the demand satisfied with modern methods in SSA [ 11 , 12 ], to our knowledge, no prior studies have quantified these spatial relationships. Despite the growing literature on spatial dimensions of contraceptive use in SSA, available studies have focused on contraceptive prevalence of modern methods among women of reproductive age [ 13 – 21 ] or unmet needs [ 22 , 23 ], with a majority in select countries.…”