Spatial distribution and migration of nonylphenol in groundwater following long-term wastewater irrigation

Investigation of Geochemical Characteristics and Controlling Processes of Groundwater in a Typical Long-Term Reclaimed Water Use Area

“…There are two wastewater treatment plans (WTP), named Xiaohongmen WTP and Huangcun WTP, located in the study area. Due to the shortage of water resources, wastewater has been reused for agricultural irrigation since the 1960s, and was gradually replaced by reclaimed water from the aforementioned WTP after 2003 [26]. Reclaimed water is also widely used for surface-water landscapes such as Niantan Park, the largest wetland park in the study area.…”

“…The temperature (T), electrical conductance (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH were measured on site using a multiparameter device (Multi 350i/SET). The other chemical indices including cations (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , NH4 + ) and anions (Cl − , SO4 2− , HCO3 − , NO3 − , NO2 − ) were analyzed in the Laboratory of Groundwater Sciences and Engineering of the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese been reused for agricultural irrigation since the 1960s, and was gradually replaced by reclaimed water from the aforementioned WTP after 2003 [26]. Reclaimed water is also widely used for surface-water landscapes such as Niantan Park, the largest wetland park in the study area.…”

“…Previous research demonstrated that heavy metals and organic pollutants have low possibilities to constitute pollution to groundwater [14,17,25,26], but salt and nitrogen pollutants should be paid extra attention [12,27]. Although scholars have reported the spatial variation of groundwater quality in terms of salt and nitrogen pollutants [26,27], and also discussed the influences caused by the leakage of reclaimed water river on soil and groundwater quality in long-term wastewater and reclaimed water use areas in Beijing [9,14,15]. The regional groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and governing mechanisms are still poorly known.…”

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in a Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation Area, North China Plain

“…Numerous researches have been conducted to get insight into these consequences, but most of them concentrated on the effects on soil and plant [11][12][13][14][15]. Only a few researches were concerned on the influences of this reuse on groundwater [9,[16][17][18]. For example, Bao et al found that long-term wastewater irrigation had resulted in nutrient elements and heavy metals accumulation in soil at some extent, but it did not constitute pollution in shallow groundwater [16,19].…”

“…For example, Bao et al found that long-term wastewater irrigation had resulted in nutrient elements and heavy metals accumulation in soil at some extent, but it did not constitute pollution in shallow groundwater [16,19]. Wang et al reported that nonylphenol, a kind of organic pollutant from wastewater, had been found existing in groundwater, and its distribution and concentration in groundwater were related to the measure of wastewater irrigation and groundwater depth [18]. Niu et al applied geostatistics to determine the spatial variation of groundwater quality in a reclaimed water irrigation area in Beijing, and found that reclaimed water irrigation was not the major factor influencing groundwater quality [17].…”