Spatial Frequency Multiplexing of Fiber-Optic Interferometric Refractive Index Sensors Based on Graded-Index Multimode Fibers

Liu, Li; Gong, Yuan; Wu, Yu; Zhao, Tian; Wu, Huijuan; Rao, Yunjiang

doi:10.3390/s120912377

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This subsection describes a number of detectors and opto-electronic light sources for SDM measurement systems. The opto-electronic sources mainly include distributed feedback laser diodes (DFB lasers), vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL), Fabry-Perot laser diodes (FP lasers), Nd:YAG lasers, and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) [ 104 , 105 ]. The development of SDM-based sensing systems is pushing the boundaries of high-speed multi-wavelength opto-electronic sources and modules, making other kinds of low-cost light sources possible for SDM.…”

Section: Key Components Of Sdm Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

Weng

Ip²,

Pan

et al. 2016

Sensors

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The concepts of spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) technology were first proposed in the telecommunications industry as an indispensable solution to reduce the cost-per-bit of optical fiber transmission. Recently, such spatial channels and modes have been applied in optical sensing applications where the returned echo is analyzed for the collection of essential environmental information. The key advantages of implementing SDM techniques in optical measurement systems include the multi-parameter discriminative capability and accuracy improvement. In this paper, to help readers without a telecommunication background better understand how the SDM-based sensing systems can be incorporated, the crucial components of SDM techniques, such as laser beam shaping, mode generation and conversion, multimode or multicore elements using special fibers and multiplexers are introduced, along with the recent developments in SDM amplifiers, opto-electronic sources and detection units of sensing systems. The examples of SDM-based sensing systems not only include Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry or Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDR/BOTDA) using few-mode fibers (FMF) and the multicore fiber (MCF) based integrated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, but also involve the widely used components with their whole information used in the full multimode constructions, such as the whispering gallery modes for fiber profiling and chemical species measurements, the screw/twisted modes for examining water quality, as well as the optical beam shaping to improve cantilever deflection measurements. Besides, the various applications of SDM sensors, the cost efficiency issue, as well as how these complex mode multiplexing techniques might improve the standard fiber-optic sensor approaches using single-mode fibers (SMF) and photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have also been summarized. Finally, we conclude with a prospective outlook for the opportunities and challenges of SDM technologies in optical sensing industry.

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Section: Key Components Of Sdm Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

Weng

Ip²,

Pan

et al. 2016

Sensors

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“…In that case, a method based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) can be employed to identify each particular component in the spatial-frequency domain that contributes to the interference formation [5]. The FFT interrogation-based technique has been used to multiplex in a single network different interferometric sensors, such as cascaded chirped long period gratings [6], microfiber knot resonators [7], inline photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensors [8], Fizeau strain sensors [9], graded-index multimode fiber Fabry-Pérot cavities [10], HiBi FLMs [11] and also multiple HiBi sensing fibers in a compound fiber loop mirror [11][12][13]. Additionally, this method provides more than 100 times greater resolution by monitoring the phase of the FFT instead of the spectral shift of a single fringe in the optical spectrum (the conventional solution) [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-PM Fiber Loop Mirror Interferometer Analysis and Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Mechanical Vibration

Leandro

Lopez-Amo

2018

J. Lightwave Technol.

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In this work, a new all-polarization maintaining (PM) fiber loop mirror interferometer is proposed and validated as temperature and mechanical vibration sensor. The scheme employs the arms of a PM coupler as communication fibers, fused with a relative angle of 45° to the sensing fiber. The length of the arms is equal so their contribution in canceled, obtaining a total transfer function exclusively defined by the sensing fiber. The capabilities of the system as sensor are tested, achieving mechanical vibration and temperature sensing without crosstalk between measurands. In this manner, vibration frequencies up to 1.5 kHz have been monitored using a commercial interrogator with a scan rate of 1 Hz and a technique based on the fast Fourier transform. Additionally, the immunity of the setup to external perturbations in the communication fibers is studied and compared to the conventional approach.

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“…Fiber-optic temperature sensors have high precision, low cost, and distributed multipoints in temperature measurement, and they are not affected by electromagnetic interference. With optical fibers adopted with a silica inner core, high temperatures of 1000°C have been measured [12][13][14]. The first-order sapphire Bragg gratings were fabricated by Elsmann et al and the highest temperature at 1200°C [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and Implementation of a 1800°C Sapphire Ultrasonic Thermometer

Liang

Yang

et al. 2017

Journal of Sensors

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A sapphire ultrasonic temperature sensor was produced in this study which possessed working stability, antioxidation properties, and small acoustic-signal attenuation. A method was developed to solve the problems of long periods (>0.5 h) and ultrahigh temperature (1800°C) in tests. The sensor adopted here had good sound transmission performance as well as the high thermal conductivity of sapphire single crystals (Al 2 O 3 ), as ultrasonic waveguides. The ultrasonic waveguide was produced by the method of the laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG method). Calibration experiments in a high temperature furnace found that, at high temperatures and long exposure, sapphire ultrasonic temperature sensors had good stability and repeatability, and it survived in 1600°C for 360 min. This sapphire ultrasonic temperature sensor has potential for applications in aircraft engines where monitoring of high temperatures is very important.

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Spatial Frequency Multiplexing of Fiber-Optic Interferometric Refractive Index Sensors Based on Graded-Index Multimode Fibers

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

All-PM Fiber Loop Mirror Interferometer Analysis and Simultaneous Measurement of Temperature and Mechanical Vibration

Research and Implementation of a 1800°C Sapphire Ultrasonic Thermometer

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