Spatial Heterogeneity in the Response of the Proximal Femur to Two Lower-Body Resistance Exercise Regimens

Lang, Thomas; Saeed, Isra; Streeper, Timothy; Carballido‐Gamio, Julio; Harnish, Roy; Frassetto, Lynda; Lee, Stuart M. C.; Sibonga, Jean D.; Keyak, Joyce H.; Spiering, Barry A.; Grodsinsky, Carlos M.; Bloomberg, Jacob J.; Cavanagh, Peter R.

doi:10.1002/jbmr.2155

Cited by 33 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Lang et al [139] and Loehr et al [140] found statistically significant increases in the bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebral bodies (L1-L2) of between 7 and 12.3 % after only 4 months of DUP with 6-10 RM [139] and 70-80 % 1 RM [140]. The subjects performed parallel squats and dead lifts.…”

Section: Progression Rates Of Strength and Speedstrength Characteristmentioning

confidence: 95%

Short-term Periodization Models: Effects on Strength and Speed-strength Performance

Hartmann

Wirth

Keiner³

et al. 2015

Sports Med

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Dividing training objectives into consecutive phases to gain morphological adaptations (hypertrophy phase) and neural adaptations (strength and power phases) is called strength-power periodization (SPP). These phases differ in program variables (volume, intensity, and exercise choice or type) and use stepwise intensity progression and concomitant decreasing volume, converging to peak intensity (peaking phase). Undulating periodization strategies rotate these program variables in a bi-weekly, weekly, or daily fashion. The following review addresses the effects of different short-term periodization models on strength and speed-strength both with subjects of different performance levels and with competitive athletes from different sports who use a particular periodization model during off-season, pre-season, and in-season conditioning. In most periodization studies, it is obvious that the strength endurance sessions are characterized by repetition zones (12-15 repetitions) that induce muscle hypertrophy in persons with a low performance level. Strictly speaking, when examining subjects with a low training level, many periodization studies include mainly hypertrophy sessions interspersed with heavy strength/power sessions. Studies have demonstrated equal or statistically significant higher gains in maximal strength for daily undulating periodization compared with SPP in subjects with a low to moderate performance level. The relatively short intervention period and the lack of concomitant sports conditioning call into question the practical value of these findings for competitive athletes. Possibly owing to differences in mesocycle length, conditioning programs, and program variables, competitive athletes either maintained or improved strength and/or speed-strength performance by integrating daily undulating periodization and SPP during off-season, pre-season and in-season conditioning. In high-performance sports, high-repetition strength training (>15) should be avoided because it does not provide an adequate training stimulus for gains in muscle cross-sectional area and strength performance. High-volume circuit strength training performed over 2 years negatively affected the development of the power output and maximal strength of the upper extremities in professional rugby players. Indeed, meta-analyses and results with weightlifters, American Football players, and throwers confirm the necessity of the habitual use of ≥80% 1 RM: (1) to improve maximal strength during the off-season and in-season in American Football, (2) to reach peak performance in maximal strength and vertical jump power during tapering in track-and-field, and (3) to produce hypertrophy and strength improvements in advanced athletes. The integration and extent of hypertrophy strength training in in-season conditioning depend on the duration of the contest period, the frequency of the contests, and the proportion of the conditioning program. Based on the literature, 72 h between hypertrophy strength training and strength-power training should be pr...

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Section: Progression Rates Of Strength and Speedstrength Characteristmentioning

confidence: 95%

Short-term Periodization Models: Effects on Strength and Speed-strength Performance

Hartmann

Wirth

Keiner³

et al. 2015

Sports Med

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“…Recently, there have been contrary reports to the effect of alendronate on bone‐formation rates . There have also been variable reports of resistance exercise to be a countermeasure to disuse‐induced bone loss . Leblanc and colleagues utilized a newer advanced resistance‐exercise device with bisphosphonates to demonstrate the protection of bone during spaceflight with increases from BMD scans, elevated measures of bone‐resorption markers, and urinary excretion of calcium .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Controlled Mechanical Loading of Bone in C57BL6/J Mice Subject to Disuse

et al. 2019

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Prolonged reduction in weightbearing causes bone loss. Disuse of bone is associated with recovery from common musculoskeletal injury and trauma, bed rest resulting from various medical conditions, and spaceflight. The hindlimb‐suspension rodent model is popular for simulating unloading and disuse. We hypothesized that controlled mechanical loading of the tibia would protect against bone loss occurring from concurrent disuse. Additionally, we hypothesized that areas of high mechanical peak strains (midshaft) would provide more protection than areas of lower strain (distal shaft). Adult C57BL6/J mice were suspended for 3 weeks, with one limb subjected to tibial compression four times per week. μCT imaging was completed at days 0, 11, and 21, in addition to serum analysis. Significant bone loss caused by hindlimb suspension was detected in trabecular bone by day 11 and worsened by day 21 (p < 0.05). Bone loss was also detected in cortical thickness and area fraction by day 21. However, four short bouts per week of compressive loading protected the loaded limb from much of this bone loss. At day 21, we observed a 50% loss in trabecular bone volume/total volume and a 6% loss in midshaft cortical thickness in unloaded limbs, but only 15% and 2% corresponding losses in contralateral loaded limbs (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02). Many bone geometry parameters of the loaded limbs of suspended animals did not significantly differ from non‐suspended control limbs. Conversely, this protective effect of loading was not detected in cortical bone at the lower‐strained distal shaft. Analysis of bone metabolism markers suggested that the benefits of loading occurred through increased formation instead of decreased resorption. This study uniquely isolates the role of externally applied mechanical loading of the mouse tibia, in the absence of muscle stimulation, in protecting bone from concurrent disuse‐related loss, and demonstrates that limited bouts of loading may be highly effective during prolonged disuse. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

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“…It also raises the question as to whether physical activity–induced bone adaptation occurs at this location. Initial studies using three‐dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have explored adaptation of the superior femoral neck to physical activity, but the data remain inconclusive . Some studies suggested physical activity may positively influence the superior femoral neck, whereas others reported no effect …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Spatial and Strength Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Physical Activity: A Within-Subject Controlled Cross-Sectional Study

Warden

Carballido‐Gamio

Weatherholt

et al. 2019

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Physical activity (PA) enhances proximal femur bone mass, as assessed using projectional imaging techniques. However, these techniques average data over large volumes, obscuring spatially heterogeneous adaptations. The current study used quantitative computed tomography, statistical parameter mapping, and subject‐specific finite element (FE) modeling to explore spatial adaptation of the proximal femur to PA. In particular, we were interested in adaptation occurring at the superior femoral neck and improving strength under loading from a fall onto the greater trochanter. High/long jump athletes (n = 16) and baseball pitchers (n = 16) were utilized as within‐subject controlled models as they preferentially load their take‐off leg and leg contralateral to their throwing arm, respectively. Controls (n = 15) were included but did not show any dominant‐to‐nondominant (D‐to‐ND) leg differences. Jumping athletes showed some D‐to‐ND leg differences but less than pitchers. Pitchers had 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9%–7.6%) D‐to‐ND leg differences in total hip volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), with increased vBMD in the cortical compartment of the femoral neck and trochanteric cortical and trabecular compartments. Voxel‐based morphometry analyses and cortical bone mapping showed pitchers had D‐to‐ND leg differences within the regions of the primary compressive trabeculae, inferior femoral neck, and greater trochanter but not the superior femoral neck. FE modeling revealed pitchers had 4.1% (95% CI 1.4%–6.7%) D‐to‐ND leg differences in ultimate strength under single‐leg stance loading but no differences in ultimate strength to a fall onto the greater trochanter. These data indicate the asymmetrical loading associated with baseball pitching induces proximal femur adaptation in regions associated with weight bearing and muscle contractile forces and increases strength under single‐leg stance loading. However, there were no benefits evident at the superior femoral neck and no measurable improvement in ultimate strength to common injurious loading during aging (ie, fall onto the greater trochanter), raising questions as to how to better target these variables with PA. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

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Spatial Heterogeneity in the Response of the Proximal Femur to Two Lower-Body Resistance Exercise Regimens

Cited by 33 publications

References 27 publications

Short-term Periodization Models: Effects on Strength and Speed-strength Performance

Short-term Periodization Models: Effects on Strength and Speed-strength Performance

Protective Effects of Controlled Mechanical Loading of Bone in C57BL6/J Mice Subject to Disuse

Heterogeneous Spatial and Strength Adaptation of the Proximal Femur to Physical Activity: A Within-Subject Controlled Cross-Sectional Study

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