Spatial Heterogeneity of Cadmium Effects on Salvia sclarea Leaves Revealed by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Analysis and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

In this study, for a first time (according to our knowledge), we couple the methodologies of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis (CF-IA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), in order to investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) accumulation on photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry. We used as plant material Salvia sclarea that grew hydroponically with or without (control) 100 μM Cd for five days. The spatial heterogeneity of a decreased effective quantum yield of electron transport (ΦPSΙΙ) that was observed after exposure to Cd was linked to the spatial pattern of high Cd accumulation. However, the high increase of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), at the leaf part with the high Cd accumulation, resulted in the decrease of the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss (ΦNO) even more than that of control leaves. Thus, S. sclarea leaves exposed to 100 μM Cd exhibited lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as singlet oxygen (1O2). In addition, the increased photoprotective heat dissipation (NPQ) in the whole leaf under Cd exposure was sufficient enough to retain the same fraction of open reaction centers (qp) with control leaves. Our results demonstrated that CF-IA and LA-ICP-MS could be successfully combined to monitor heavy metal effects and plant tolerance mechanisms.

Hydrogen Peroxide Production by the Spot-Like Mode Action of Bisphenol A

“…stress factors, e.g., drought (Sperdouli and Moustakas, 2012), hypoxia (Stasolla et al, 2019), paraquat (Moustakas et al, 2016), and heavy metals as Zn (Moustakas et al, 2019a), or Cd (Moustakas et al, 2019b). This can be due to the fact that plant cells have to defend themselves independently since they lack specialized cells and effective plant defense strongly relies in each single cell (Ruano and Scheuring, 2020).…”

Rapid Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II Photochemistry to Cadmium Exposure

“…Seeds of Salvia sclarea L. used for the experiments were collected from the Rose Valley (Bulgaria). After germination on soil in a growth room for about a month, the seedlings were transferred to pots containing continuously aerated modified Hoagland nutrient solution (described in detail before) [6]. The nutrient solution was adjusted to pH 6.0 and changed every 3 days.…”

“…Cadmium (Cd) is occurring in soils at low concentrations but can arise to high concentrations as a result of numerous human activities, while being not biodegradable in the soil is considered as one of the most toxic elements, and also a non-essential element for plants [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Cadmium is taken up by roots and its translocation from the roots to the shoots and leaves with subsequent accumulation in the chloroplasts, will eventually disturb photosynthesis [7].…”

“…Cadmium is taken up by roots and its translocation from the roots to the shoots and leaves with subsequent accumulation in the chloroplasts, will eventually disturb photosynthesis [7]. However, many plant species have established numerous special effective mechanisms for Cd detoxification and tolerance [4][5][6].…”

Diagnostic efficacy of intravascular ultrasound combined with Gd2O3‑EPL contrast agent for patients with atherosclerosis

“…Total serum levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured using a TBA2000FR biochemical analyzer (Toshiba Corporation) as described previously (30). Metabolism of Gd 2 O 3 -EPL was then determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Elan DRC II; PerkinElmer, Inc.) according to a previous study (31).…”