Spatial Heterogeneity of Typical Ecosystem Services and Their Relationships in Different Ecological–Functional Zones in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China

Abstract

Abstract:Recognizing changes in ecosystem services (ES) and their relationships is the basis of achieving sustainable regional development. Regional collaborative development has become the core strategy of the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region. However, sub regions have different ecological changes and relationships. Here, we quantify and map ES, including water yield, sediment retention, carbon sequestration and grain productive capacity in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, using several biophysical models and explore the relationships of spatial correction, trade-offs and synergies among multiple ES in different spatial scales. Results across the four years show that the quality and variation tendency of ES from each region are spatially heterogeneous. The relationship between ES that are not significant in the entire region shows different correlations in individual ecological-functional zones. From the perspective of regional disparity, the effect of land use factor and correlative mechanisms among ES are analyzed. To observe the spatiotemporal variations and relationships of ES in individual regions, land use management policies are proposed on the basis of the results of the relationships among ES.

Sustainability Evaluation Based on a Three-Dimensional Ecological Footprint Model: A Case Study in Hunan, China

“…Yin, et al [12] analyzed the variations in the EFs and regional development capacity of five provinces (Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shanxi, and Gansu) in Northwest China in 2005-2014. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region as the research object, Xie, et al [13] quantify and map the quality and variation tendency of water yield, sediment retention, carbon sequestration, and grain productive capacity from individual ecological-functional zones in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Chu, et al [14] put forward ecological tension index (ETI), ecological occupancy index (EOI), and ecological economic coordination index (EECI) to evaluate ecological security of BTH region between 1995 and 2010.…”

Coupling and Coordination Level of the Population, Land, Economy, Ecology and Society in the Process of Urbanization: Measurement and Spatial Differentiation

“…Urbanization has become an important engine of modernization and plays an important role in the economy, industrial restructuring, supply side structural reform and regional coordinated development. Urbanization involves many subsystems, such as the population, land, economy, ecology and society [2]. In the early process of urbanization in China, the excessive pursuit of speed led to a serious imbalance in internal subsystems and economic instability, landblind expansion, low population quality and ecological fragility [3].…”

“…The coordinated development of urbanization is reflected not only in coordination between cities but also in the coordinated development of internal subsystems [5]. Research on the coordinated development of urbanization subsystems has mainly focused on three aspects: (1) measuring the degree of coordinated development [6][7][8], (2) analysing the time series characteristics of coordinated development [9][10][11], and (3) exploring various influencing factors, such as investment intensity, the economic development level, and the degree of opening to the outside world [12][13][14]. There are no definitions and classifications of essential factors such as population, land and economic urbanization in foreign countries, but scholars believe that urbanization is complex and pluralistic, so some research has focused on population migration, the urbanization response etc.…”

“…There are few studies on the coordinated development of multi-dimensional subsystems. (2) There are few studies on the spatial differentiation of the coordinated development of urbanization, which makes it difficult to reveal the spatial characteristics.…”

“…The novelty and advantages of our research are mainly embodied in two aspects: (1) We measure the coupled and coordinated development level of urbanization from a five-dimensional perspective; that is, we include social and ecological subsystems based on the three systems of population, land and economy, to make the research more comprehensive and rigorous. (2) We reveal the spatial differentiation characteristics of the coupled and coordinated development degree of urbanization [21].…”