“…Spatial inequality problems have increased as socially excluded people cluster in certain areas not covered by policies and public services ((WB 2015, UN-Habitat 2015, Cameron 2005 McKay, and Shinyekwa 2010)). Furthermore, spatial poverty cannot be easily tackled and tends to last for long periods due to the interaction between residential regions and local people ( (Zhou and Liu 2019); (Liu and Xu 2016); (Cazzuffi et al 2020)). Although spatial analysis is essential for inclusive growth, the geographical scale covered in prior studies focused on urban or periphery urban areas ( (Wang 2008); (Espino 2015)).…”